i 


• 


Universal  Safety  Standards 


A  Reference  Book  of  Rules,  Drawings,  Tables, 

Formulae,  Data  and  Suggestions  for  Use  of 

Architects,  Engineers,  Superintendents, 

Foremen,  Inspectors,  Mechanics 

and  Students 


by 


Carl  M.  Hansen,  M.  E. 

Consulting  Safety  Engineer 
Member  American  Society  Mechanical  Engineers 


Compiled  under  the  Direction  of 
and  Approved  by 
the 

Workmen's  Compensation 
Service  Bureau 

New  York 


Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged 
Total  Issue — Sixty-five  Thousand 

UNIVERSAL  SAFETY  STANDARDS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  London 

1914 


HP  '" 


■i^ 


Copyrighted,  1913,  1914 

by 

Carl  M.  Hansen 

Second  Edition  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall 


All  rights  reserved 


Price  $3.00  Net 


''■U 


325799 


DEDICATION 

'T^O  employers  and  employees  jointly  this 
volume  is  dedicated,  in  the  full  realiza- 
tion that  only  by  the  constant  co-operation 
of  both  can  economic  waste  and  needless 
sacrifice  of  human  life  and  limb  caused  by 
work  accidents  be  obliterated  and  the  goal 
of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Service 
JBureau,   ** Universal  Safety/'  be  attained. 


PREFACE 

WHEN  the  first  edition  of  ''Universal  Safety 
Standards^'  was  published  in  November,  1913, 
the  demand  immediately  became  sufficient  to 
warrant  the  speedy  publishing  of  two  extra  editions, 
bringing  the  total  up  to  40,000  copies.  In  view  of  the 
strictly  general  nature  of  those  Standards,  the 
Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  instructed 
the  author  to  proceed  with  the  compilation  of  a  larger 
edition  dealing  also  with  specific  industries. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  volume,  it  has  been  the 
aim  to  present  in  a  manner  suitable  for  ready  reference, 
both  the  subject  of  safety  in  general,  and  the  subject 
of  safety  on  working  machines  and  appliances  in  machine 
shops,  metal  working  shops,  and  foundries  particularly. 
It  was  appreciated  that  the  mere  statement  that  a  given 
hazard  on  a  machine  should  be  guarded  was  more  or  less 
academic,  unless  it  be  also  shown  conclusively  by  draw- 
ings how  such  a  machine  might  be  guarded.  Accord- 
ingly plates  were  prepared  of  practically  all  types  of 
machines  found  in  these  industries,  showing  guards 
applied  to  the  parts  creating  a  work  accident  hazard. 

Criticism  may  be  made  that  too  much  stress  is  laid 
upon  the  mechanical  hazard  and  too  little  attention  given 
to  the  human  element.  The  author  desires  to  state 
emphatically  that  he  least  of  all  underestimates  the 
human  equation  in  accident  prevention,  but  he  wishes 
also  to  emphasize  the  fundamental  fact  that  so  far  as 
the  mechanical  equipment  constitutes  the  immediate 
cause  of  a  given  accident,  such  accident  would  not 
happen  even  though  the  exciting  cause  in  the  form  of  a 
careless  workman  were  introduced  if  the  particular 
mechanical    equipment    were    safeguarded.      This,    he 


6  ,* ,  .  *  Preface 

hopes,  will  dispel  in  the  minds  of  students  of  accident 
prevention,  the  idea  that  any  desire  to  minimize  the 
human  equation,  as  a  factor  in  causes  of  accidents,  is 
entertained. 

The  subject  treated  being  a  comparatively  new  one, 
and  very  little  available  data  being  in  existence,  this 
treatise  as  a  whole  is  naturally  incomplete.  In  fact,  it 
deals  with  a  subject  which  never  can  be  finally  disposed 
of,  and  must  be  added  to  continually  on  account  of  the 
introduction  of  new  machines  and  processes. 

It  has  been  our  desire  to  cover  the  field  solely  from 
an  engineering  standpoint,  without  entering  into  any 
academic  discussion  as  to  the  value  of,  or  the  reason  for, 
any  given  guard  displayed.  The  obviousness  of  a  hazard 
capable  of  producing  an  accident  under  given  circum- 
stances has  been  our  guide  and  rule  for  the  elimination 
of  that  hazard,  irrespective  of  any  statistical  data  of 
whether  or  not  an  accident  ever  occurred  from  that 
cause. 

Manifestly  a  subject  of  this  nature  could  not  be 
treated  successfully  by  one  individual,  consequently  the 
author  has  availed  himself  of  the  advice  and  counsel  of 
numerous  prominent  authorities  on  this  phase  of  our 
industrial  development.  To  the  following  corporations, 
individuals  and  organizations  whose  help  bias  made  this 
work  possible,  he  extends  his  grateful  acknowledgment : 
Aetna  Life  Insurance  Company,  American  Indemnity 
Company,  Casualty  Company  of  America,  The  Em- 
ployers Liability  Assurance  Corporation,  The  Fidelity 
and  Casualty  Company,  Fidelity  and  Deposit  Company, 
Frankfort  General  Insurance  Company,  Globe  Indemnity 
Company,  Guardian  Casualty  and  Guaranty  Company, 
London  Guarantee  &  Accident  Company,  Maryland 
Casualty  Company,  Massachusetts  Bonding  and  Insur- 
ance Company,  New  Amsterdam  Casualty  Company, 
New  England  Casualty  Company,  Ocean  Accident  and 


Preface  7 

Guarantee  Corp.,  Royal  Indemnity  Company,  Standard 
Accident  Insurance  Company,  The  Travelers  Insurance 
Company,  United  States  Casualty  Company,  United 
States  Fidelity  &  Guaranty  Company,  constituting  the 
Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau;  General 
Electric  Company,  International  Harvester  Company, 
Norton  Company,  United  States  Steel  Corporation  and 
subsidiaries;  to  Mr.  Theo.  E.  Gaty,  Secretary,  Fidelity 
and  Casualty  Company;  Mr.  Charles  H.  Holland,  General 
Manager,  Royal  Indemnity  Company ;  Mr.  J.  J.  Murray, 
General  Superintendent,  The  Employers  Liability  Assur- 
ance Corp. ;  Mr.  J.  Scofield  Rowe,  Vice-President,  Aetna 
Life  Insurance  Company;  Mr.  J.  H.  Thom,  General 
Superintendent,  Standard  Accident  Insurance  Company ; 
Mr.  A.  W.  Whitney,  General  Manager,  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Service  Bureau,  constituting  the  Classification 
and  Rating  Committee  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Service  Bureau  under  whose  direction  the  work  has  been 
compiled ;  to  Mr.  C.  A.  Austrom,  Assistant  Chief  Engi- 
neer, The  Travelers  Insurance  Company;  Mr.  J.  C. 
Barden,  Associate  Director,  Bureau  of  Accident  Preven- 
tion, Aetna  Life  Insurance  Company ;  Mr.  Charles  Nelson, 
Chief  Engineer,  Royal  Indemnity  Company ;  Mr.  J.  W. 
Rausch,  Chief  Engineer,  Maryland  Casualty  Company, 
constituting  the  Special  Committee  of  Safety  Engineers 
of  the  Classification  and  Rating  Committee;  to  Mr. 
C.  L.  Close,  Manager,  Bureau  Safety  and  Relief,  United 
States  Steel  Corporation ;  Mr.  David  Van  Schaak, 
Director,  Bureau  of  Accident  Prevention,  Aetna  Life 
Insurance  Company ;  Mr.  R.  J.  Young,  Manager,  Safety 
and  Relief,  Illinois  Steel  Company ;  Mr.  Byron  Cummings, 
Mechanical  Engineer,  Ocean  Accident  and  Guarantee 
Corp.  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Carruthers,  Manager,  Safety 
Engineering  Magazine.  * 

Grateful  acknowledgment  is  also  accorded  the  fol- 
lowing organizations  from  which  matter  relating  to  the 


8  Preface 

subject  has  been  obtained,  part  of  which  has  been  used : 
Industrial  Commission  of  Wisconsin,  National  Associa- 
tion of  Manufacturers,  National  Council  for  Industrial 
Safety,  National  Founders  Association  and  the  National 
Metal  Trades  Association. 

In  addition,  grateful  acknowledgment  is  accorded 
all  the  Engineers  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Service  Bureau  for  their  untiring  effort  in  making  this 
volume  represent  the  ideal  in  accident  prevention  from 
an  engineering  standpoint  and  for  their  many  and  prac- 
tical suggestions. 

The  term  ''Standard''  as  used  herein  should  not  be 
misunderstood.  The  word  which  would  more  properly 
convey  the  ideas  and  objects  of  this  publication  is 
"Principle."  What  we  are  indicating  in  most  of  our 
drawings  are  principles  which  must  be  worked  out  in 
detail  to  fit  the  particular  equipment  or  plant  under 
consideration. 

C.  M.  H. 
New  York,  September,  1914. 


ANNOUNCEMENT 

THE  WORKMEN^S  COMPENSATION  SERVICE 
BUREAU  has  entered  into  an  affiliation  with  the 
Underwriters  Laboratories,  Incorporated,  by 
which,  under  the  direction  of  a  council  of  technical 
experts  of  that  Bureau,  the  Laboratories  will  make  in- 
spections of  machines,  appliances  and  devices  and  other 
proprietary  articles  as  regards  their  safety  to  life. 

This  will  amplify  the  already  important  work  which 
the  Laboratories  are  doing  in  the  field  of  safety  to 
property  as  regards  fire.  When  this  arrangement  is 
completed,  the  label  of  the  Underwriters  Laboratories 
will  mean  that  an  article  has  been  inspected  for  safety 
to  life  as  well  as  to  property. 

The  word  ** approved'*  as  used  in  this  handbook 
signifies  the  approval  only  of  the  PRINCIPLE  mentioned 
or  illustrated. 

The  label  of  the  Underwriters  Laboratories  will,  on 
the  other  hand,  be  the  medium  through  which  the  Bureau 
will  express  its  approval  of  any  SPECIFIC  ARTICLE, 
and,  on  the  basis  of  such  approval,  recognize  it  in  its 
system  of  Schedule  or  Merit  Rating  under  the  ' '  Universal 
Analytic  Schedule.'' 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Page 

PART     I.    GENERAL  SAFETY  STANDARDS : 

I.     Specifications 13 

II.     Drawings 39 

PART    II.    MACHINE  SHOP: 

I.     Specifications Ill 

II.     Drawings 145 

PART  III.     FOUNDRY : 

I.     Specifications 241 

II.     Drawings 251 

PART  IV.    RULES  FOR  PRACTICE  : 

Machine  Shops,  Metal  Shops  and  Foundry 291 

INDEX 301 


V 


PART  I. 
GENERAL  SAFETY  STANDARDS 


GENERAL  SAFETY  STANDARDS 


Buildings 
Height 

(a)  Height  not  to  exceed  four  (4)  stories. 

(b)  A  basement  five  (5)  feet  or  more  above  ground 
level,  on  any  side  to  be  counted  as  a  story.  (See  Page  39. ) 

NOTE— Limiting  height  to  four  (4)  stories  is  simply  to  indicate 
that  compensation  insurance  rate  will  increase  in  direct  pro- 
portion to  additional  floors. 

Construction 

(a)  To  be  fireproof  or  slow-burning. 

Fireproof  construction — building  with  fireproof,  non- 
combustible  walls,  roofs  and  floor. 

Slow-burning  or  mill  construction — building  with  stone, 
concrete  or  brick  walls,  and  floors  of  not  less  than  two  (2) 
inch  planks,  with  hard  wood  top  floors  on  beams  (without 
joists)  or  posts. 

NOTE — National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters'  specifications  for 
detail  of  construction  are  accepted . 


Protection  Against  Fire  Hazard 

(a)  All  buildings  to  be  equipped  with  efficient  and 
ample  fire  fighting  appliances  such  as  hose  and/or  fire 
pails  and/or  chemical  extinguishers  and/or  sprinkler 
systems.  Apparatus  of  this  nature  bearing  the  label 
of  the  Underwriters'  Laboratories  will  be  accepted. 

(b)  All  buildings  to  have  sufficient  exits  and  fire 
escapes  as  follows: 

1.  At  least  two  (2)  exits  completely  separated  and 
each  enclosed  in  fire  walls  (stairs  and  elevator  in 
the  same  shaft  or  near  together  to  be  considered 
one  exit  unless  separated  by  fire  wall.)  (See 
Pages  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  47.) 


16        ''■"'='**  tjNivFRs  A  J.  Safety  Standards 

2.  All  exit  doors  to  open  outward.  (A  sliding  door 
may  be  used  if  door  runs  in  boxing.) 

3.  Exits  to  fire  escapes  to  be  kept  unlocked  at  all 
times  when  employees  are  in  building,  and  aisles 
leading  to  exits  to  be  kept  clear  at  all  times. 

4.  Exits  to  be  plainly  marked  with  white  letters  on 
green  field.     (See  Pages  42,  109.) 

5.  Landings  on  fire  escapes  to  be  level  with  floor, 
and  sill  of  exit  not  to  exceed  two  (2)  inches  in 
height.     (See  Pages  46,  47.) 

6.  Where  fire  escapes  border  windows,  glass  to  be 
wire  glass  in  metal  frames.     (See  Pages  46,  47.) 

7.  All  buildings  of  more  than  four  (4)  stories  in 
height  to  be  provided  with  fire  resisting  and 
smoke-proof  towers.     (See  Pages  41,  43,  44.) 

8.  Where  a  building  is  divided  into  two  (2)  or  more 
separate  departments  or  sections  by  fire  walls 
running  vertically  from  cellar  floor  to  roof,  sliding 
fireproof  doors  to  be  provided  in  such  wall  or 
walls  on  each  floor,  and  doors  to  be  kept  unlocked 
at  all  times  when  any  employees  are  in  building. 
Windows  bordering  fire  wall  on  both  sides  to  be 
wire  glass  set  in  metal  frames.  Fire  escapes  to 
be  provided  direct  from  each  such  department  or 
section.     (See  Pages  40,  41,  42.) 

9.  Where  bridges  or  runways  are  provided  from 
one  building  to  another  and  such  bridges  or  run- 
ways are  of  fire  resisting  construction,  they  may 
be  used  as  a  fire  escape  from  floors  connected 
provided  there  be  proper  exit  from  that  other 
building.    (See  Page  45. ) 

10.  No  awnings  are  to  be  permitted  on  exits  to  fire 
escapes  nor  on  windows  bordering  on  fire  escapes. 


Workmen's  CoMPENSATiaN  Service  Bureau  17 

(c)  Every  building  more  than  one  (1)  story  in  height, 
to  be  equipped  with  efficient  means  of  giving  alarm  of 
fire  to  employees. 

(d)  Where  building  is  more  than  one  (1)  story  in 
height,  fire  drills  to  be  practiced  at  frequent  and  irregular 
intervals  not  less  than  once  monthly. 


Stairs 

Any  flight  of  steps  having  more  than  three  (3)  risers. 

(a)  To  have  approved  slip-proof  treads  in  good 
condition,  firmly  secured  and  with  no  protruding  bolts, 
screws  or  nails. 

(b)  To  be  free  from  winders. 

(c)  To  have  landings  located  twelve  (12)  feet  or  less 
apart  measured  in  a  vertical  direction,  both  dimensions 
of  such  landings  to  be  equal  to  or  greater  than  the 
width  of  stairways  between  handrails  (or  handrail  and 
wall.) 

(d)  Landings  to  be  level  and  free  from  intermediate 
steps  between  the  main  up  flight  and  the  main  down 
flight. 

(e)  All  treads  to  be  equal  and  all  risers  to  be  equal 
in  any  one  flight. 

(f )  The  sum  of  one  tread  and  one  riser,  exclusive  of 
nosing,  to  be  not  more  than  eighteen  (18)  inches  nor 
less  than  seventeen  (17)  inches.     (See  Table.    Page  48.) 

(g)  Angle  of  stairs  with  horizontal  to  be  not  more 
than  fifty  (50)  degrees  nor  less  than  twenty  (20)  degrees. 
(See  Page  48.) 

(h)  Nosing  not  to  exceed  one  and  one-quarter  (IX) 
inches. 


18  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(i)  To  be  equipped  with  permanent  and  substantial 
hand  rails  thirty-six  (36)  inches  in  height  from  center 
of  tread,  as  follows  : 

1.  On  all  open  sides.     (See  Page  49.) 

2.  On  one  side  of  enclosed  stairway  four  (4)  feet  or 
less  in  width.     (See  Page  50. ) 

3.  On  both  sides  of  enclosed  stairway  over  four  (4) 
feet  in  width.     (See  Page  50.) 

4.  On  both  sides  and  in  center  of  stairway  over 
eight  (8)  feet  in  width.     (See  Page  49.) 

(j)  Handrails  to  be  constructed  of  pipe,  iron  work 
or  wood,  conforming  to  standards  as  specified  under 
*  *  Floor  Openings, ' '  or  of  material  and  construction  of 
equal  strength. 

(k)  All  handrails  to  have  rounded  corners  and  to  be 
smooth  and  free  from  splinters. 

Elevated  Runways  and  Platforms 

Any  runway  or  platform  suspended  from  above  or  sup- 
ported from  underneath. 

(a)  If  four  (4)  feet  or  more  from  floor  level,  to  be 
provided  with  substantial  standard  hand  rail.  (See 
Page  51.) 

(b)  If  six  (6)  feet  or  more  from  floor  level,  to  be 
provided  also  with  toe  board  (for  specifications  see 
"Floor  Openings  '').     (See  Pages  51,  52.) 

Floors 

(a)  Floors  to  be  of  sufficient  strength  to  safely  with- 
stand a  load  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  (120)  pounds  on 
every  superficial  foot,  or  stronger  where  load,  concen- 
tration of  load,  or  vibration  demands. 

(b)  To  be  free  from  protruding  nails,  splinters, 
holes,  slipperiness,  unevenness,  loose  boards,  etc. 


Workmen's  Compensatiox  Service  Bureau  19 

(c)  Surface  of  floors  around  power  driven  machinery 
to  be  kept  in  a  slip-proof  condition. 

Floor  Openings  (Not  Hoistways) 

Any  opening  in  a  floor  made  for  a  specific  purpose,  and 
necessary  for  the  conduct  of  the  work. 

(a)  To  be  yarded  with  a  raihng  not  less  than  three 
and  one-half  (Syi)  feet  high,  a  toe  board  not  less  than 
six  (6)  inches  high  and  an  additional  railing  midway 
between  the  two.  Railings  to  be  constructed  in  a  per- 
manent and  substantial  manner,  of  either  pipe,  metal 
work  or  wood,  conforming  to  ** Standard  Railing''  speci- 
fications. One  or  more  sides  may  be  on  hinges  or  in 
sockets.     (See  Pages  53,  54. ) 

Standard  Railings 

(a)  All  railings  to  be  constructed  of  not  less  than 
one  and  one-quarter  (1%)  inch  standard  pipe  or  of  angle 
iron  not  less  than  2  x  2  x  X  inches,  supported  on  uprights 
of  at  least  equal  dimensions,  spaced  not  more  than  eight 
(8)  feet  center,  or  construction  of  equal  strength.  (See 
Pages  55,  56.) 

NOTE— Where  threaded  fittings  are  used,  they  are  to  be  counter- 
bored  sufficiently  to  extend  at  least  one-quarter  (X)  inch 
beyond  threads  on  pipe.     (See  Page  55. ) 

(b)  Where  pipe  or  other  metal  construction  is  found 
entirely  impracticable,  wooden  railings  will  be  accepted 
when  complying  with  the  following  minimum  require- 
ments : 

1.  Top  railing  to  be  not  less  than  2x4  inches ;  center 
railing  to  be  not  less  than  1x4  inches,  of  straight- 
grained  lumber,  dressed  on  four  (4)  sides,  sup- 
ported on  4  X  4  inch  posts,  dressed  on  four  (4) 
sides,  spaced  not  more  thaij  eight  (8)  feet  center ; 
or  of  built  up  construction  of  equal  strength. 
Posts  to  be  secured  in  approved  manner.  (See 
Page  57.) 


20  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(c)  A  chute  or  stairway  opening  which  cannot  prac- 
tically be  guarded  as  required  above  to  be  provided  with 
a  hinged  cover.     (See  Page  54.) 

Windows 

(a)  All  windows  above  the  first  floor  to  be  pivoted 
or  hinged  to  permit  cleaning  from  the  inside.  (See 
Pages  58,  59.) 

Skylights 

Any  opening  (horizontal  or  on  any  incline  up  to  fifteen  (15) 
degrees  to  the  vertical)  in  a  roof  for  the  purpose  of 
admitting  light  or  air. 

(a)  To  be  guarded  with  wire  mesh  or  constructed  of 
wire  glass,  except  in  the  case  of  a  skylight  located  in  a 
well  or  adjacent  to  building  with  one  or  more  floors 
above,  which  is  to  be  protected  with  a  wire  netting  of 
not  less  than  twelve  (12)  gauge  wire  and  of  not  more 
than  one  and  one-half  (VA)  inch  mesh,  and  also  con- 
structed of  wire  glass.     (See  Page  60. ) 


Elevators 
(a)  General 

1.  To  be  equipped  with  speed  governor  arranged  to 
actuate  safety  catches  on  car.     (See  Page  62.) 

2.  To  be  equipped  with  slack  cable  safety  device 
arranged  to  stop  machine  in  case  cable  becomes  slack  or 
breaks. 

3.  To  be  provided  with  approved  signal  system 
(either  speaking  tube,  or  electrically  or  mechanically 
actuated  device). 

4.  Elevators  operated  by  hand  rope  to  be  provided 
with  locking  device  at  each  landing.  (See  Pages  63,  64.) 

5.  Machine  to  be  provided  with  automatic  limit 
stops. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  21 

6.  Proper  protection  to  be  placed  underneath  over- 
head machinery  and  sheaves.     (See  Page  62.) 

7.  Elevator,  machine,  gears,  motor,  switchboard, 
etc.,  to  be  guarded  as  shown  for  similar  equipment  in 
these  Standards. 

8.  Ample  light  to  be  provided  at  each  landing. 

9.  Where  car  is  to  be  used  for  freight  only,  a  sign 
to  that  effect  to  be  prominently  displayed  on  car  and  at 
each  landing. 

10.  A  sign  stating  maximum  safe  lifting  capacity  as 
fixed  by  builders  to  be  posted  conspicuously  in  elevator 
and  at  each  landing. 

(b)  Hatch^vay  and  Hatchway  Entrances 

1.  Sides  of  elevator  shafts  to  be  smooth  and  free 
from  protruding  objects.  Beams,  floors,  etc.,  forming  a 
shear  with  floor  of  passing  elevator  to  be  bevelled  and 
sheeted. 

2.  Sides  of  hatchways  not  used  for  entrance  to  be 
substantially  enclosed  to  a  height  of  six  and  one-half 
(6>^)  feet.  (Where  drop  automatic  trap  doors  are  used, 
only  a  railing  is  required,  except  in  the  case  of  counter- 
weight runways,  which  must  be  enclosed  to  ceiling). 

3.  Gates  at  entrances  to  shaft  to  be  of  self-closing 
type  and  substantially  constructed.  (If  open  construc- 
tion is  used,  space  between  members  to  be  not  more 
than  two  (2)  inches  in  either  direction.     (Se.e  Page  61.) 

4.  Gates  to  be  not  less  than  five  (5)  feet,  six  (6) 
inches  in  height  (unless  placed  at  a  distance  of  at  least 
twelve  (12)  inches  from  inside  edge  of  hoistway — in 
which  case  height  to  be  not  less  than  three  (3)  feet,  six 
(6)  inches.  '* 

5.  Counterweights  for  gates  to  be  enclosed  and 
bottom  of  enclosure  sealed. 


22  Universal  Safety  Standards 

6.  Door  saddle  to  have  slip-proof  surface  both  on 
car  and  on  edge  of  hatchway. 

(c)  Cars 

1.  Car  to  be  provided  with  approved  safety  catches. 

2.  Car  to  be  provided  with  automatic  limit  stops. 

3.  Car  to  be  provided  with  ample  light. 

4.  Sides  of  car  not  used  for  entrance,  to  be  sub- 
stantially encased,  the  enclosure  to  be  not  less  than  six 
and  one-half  (6/4)  feet  high.  (If  open  construction  is 
used,  the  space  between  members  to  be  not  more  than 
two  (2)  inches,  and  where  enclosure  borders  on  counter- 
weight runways,  not  more  than  one-half  (^2)  inch.) 

5.  Proper  protection  to  be  provided  for  top  of  car. 
(See  Page  61.) 

NOTE— For  further    standards    on    ** Elevators"    see    Universal 
Safety  Standards— Mercantile  Edition." 

Hoistways 

Any  opening  in  a  floor,  platform  outside  of  a  building,  or 
opening  giving  access  to  a  yard  arm,  used  for  the  purpose 
of  hoisting  material  by  tackle  or  other  means  from  one 
level  to  another  (not  including  platform  elevator). 

(a)  To  be  guarded  according  to  standards  for  "Floor 
Openings.''     (See  Pages  19,  65.) 

Elevated  and  Roof  Tanks 

(a)  Proper  ladders  and  platforms  to  be  provided  on 
and  around  each  tank  and  its  supports  to  permit  thorough 
inspection  of  all  parts.     (See  Pages  67,  68. ) 

(b)  Round  hoops  only  to  be  used  on  wooden  tanks. 

Boilers 

(a)  To  be  constructed  in  conformity  with  specifica- 
tions adopted  by  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  23 

(b)  To  be  located  in  detached  or  adjoining  boiler 
house. 

A  detached  boiler  house  is  one  located  ten  (10)  feet  or 
more  from  any  part  of  the  main  building.  (See  Page  69.) 
An  adjoining  boiler  house  is  one  connected  with  or  in  close 
proximity  to  the  main  building,  but  with  a  brick  wall 
intervening.     (See  Page  70.) 

(c)  Each  boiler  to  be  equipped  with  efficient  safety 
valve,  with  no  other  valve  or  obstruction  in  the  pipe  line 
between  the  boiler  and  the  point  of  discharge.  The 
point  of  discharge  to  be  so  located  or  protected  that  no 
one  passing  will  be  scalded. 

(d)  Each  boiler  to  be  provided  with  an  efficient 
steam  gauge  and  water  gauge.  Water  gauge  glasses  to 
be  provided  with  approved  guards. 

(e)  Where  two  or  more  boilers  are  connected  on  one 
steam  line,  approved  non-return  valves  to  be  provided 
on  each  boiler  in  addition  to  regular  stop  valves. 

(f)  If  blow  off  pipe  is  connected  to  a  closed  tank, 
the  tank  to  be  constructed  to  withstand  boiler  pressure. 

(g)  If  blow  off  pipe  is  open  to  the  atmosphere, 
outlet  to  be  so  located  or  protected  that  no  one  passing 
will  be  scalded. 

(h)  Outlets  for  drains  from  water  columns,  gauges 
and  other  fittings  to  be  so  located  or  protected  that  no 
one  passing  will  be  scalded. 

(i)  When  a  person  is  working  in  any  boiler  of  a 
battery,  legible  danger  signs  to  be  provided  and  attached 
to  all  steam  valves,  feed  valves  and  blow  off  valves  of 
that  boiler  and  the  handles  of  the  valves  to  be  locked. 
(See  Page  71.) 

(j)  Steam  piping  to  be  substantially  supported  and 
suitable  provision  made  for  expansion,  contraction  and 
drainage.     (See  Pages  72,  73.) 

(k)  Pits  in  boiler  rooms  to  h^  covered  or  substan- 
tially guarded  according  to  standards  for  **  Floor 
Openings. ' '     (See  Page  19. ) 


24  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(1)  Safe  means  of  access  to  all  valves  to  be  provided. 

(m)  Safe  means  of  escape  to  be  provided  from  all 
parts  of  the  boiler  house,  in  at  least  two  directions,  and 
exits  to  be  so  located  that  it  will  be  unnecessary  to  travel 
up  or  down  or  more  than  fifty  (50)  feet  to  a  door  opening 
to  the  outside. 

(n)  Boilers  to  be  regularly  inspected  by  a  licensed 
Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Company  or 
by  approved  City,  County  or  State  Boiler  Inspection 
Departments. 

(o)  Stacks  to  be  of  brick,  concrete,  or  self-supporting 
steel. 

Steam  Engines 

(a)  Each  engine  to  be  equipped  with  an  efficient 
governor.  (A  device  which  will  at  all  times  auto- 
matically control  the  speed  of  the  engine  under  varied 
load.) 

(b)  Valve  gear  to  be  so  arranged,  or  other  provi- 
sions made,  that  in  event  of  load  being  removed  engine 
will  stop  if  governor  fails  to  act.  (A  broken  belt  stop 
to  be  considered  sufficient  for  slide  or  four- valve  engines 
(not  Corliss. )     (See  Page  78. ) 

(c)  All  dangerously  located  moving  parts,  such  as 
fly-wheels,  cranks,  eccentrics,  cross  heads,  tail  rods,  fly 
balls  of  governor,  governor  sheaves,  etc. ,  to  be  guarded 
in  approved  manner.     (See  Pages  74,  75,  76,  77. ) 

(d)  Fly-wheels  to  be  protected  as  follows  : 

1.  If  guard  can  be  fifteen  (15)  inches  or  more  from 
wheel,  with  a  fence  at  least  three  and  one-half 
(3%)  feet  high,  and  if  in  pit  with  a  toe  board  six 
(6)  inches  high  in  addition.  Where  passage  over 
journal  is  necessary  for  oiler,  fencing  to  be 
carried  over  journal  at  the  same  height.  (See 
Pages  77,  79.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  25 

2.  Where  guard  must  be  less  than  fifteen  (15)  inches 
from  wheel,  with  a  fencing  at  least  six  (6)  feet 
high,  the  fencing  to  be  either  solid  or  of  railing 
filled  in  with  wire  mesh.     (See  Page  79.) 

(e)  To  be  equipped  with  an  approved  independent 
automatic  speed  limit  stop,  with  stop  stations  con- 
veniently located  throughout  the  plant.  Stops  to  be 
periodically  tested  and  record  kept  of  such  tests. 

NOTE — The  above  standards  to  be  considered  applicable  to  pump 
engines  and  air  compressors  when  the  construction  is  such  as 
to  bring  them  within  these  requirements. 


Gas  Engines 

(a)  If  engine  has  a  gas  bag  regulator,  the  regulator  to 
be  enclosed  in  metal  case  vented  to  outside  atmosphere. 

NOTE — Fly-wheel  and  other  dangerously  moving  parts  to  be  guarded 
according  to  standards  for  steam  engines.  (See  Pages  74  to  79.) 


Electrical  Equipment 

(a)  All  parts  of  electrical  equipment,  appliances  and 
devices  to  be  installed  and  protected  in  accordance  with 
Universal  Safety  Standards.  (See  Pages  80  to  85  and 
Electrical  Edition.) 


Power  Transmission  Equipment 

(Not  Including  Direct  Transmission  of  Power  to 
Working  Machines) 

(a)  All  power  driven  gears  wherever  located  to  be 
completely  encased,  or,  where  that  is  impracticable,  to 
have  a  band  guard  provided  with  side  flanges  extending 
inward  beyond  the  root  of  the  teeth.  (See  Pages  99, 
100,  101.) 


26  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(b)  All  sprockets  and  silent  chain  drives  wherever 
located  to  be  completely  encased. 

(c)  Any  part  of  a  friction  clutch  within  seven  (7) 
feet  of  the  floor,  to  be  completely  and  substantially 
housed. 

(d)  Belt  pulleys  and  friction  clutch  pulleys  located 
thirty-six  (36)  inches  or  less  from  a  bearing,  to  be  com- 
pletely encased  on  side  nearest  bearing.  (See  Pages 
96,  98.) 

(e)  Vertical  and  inclined  belts,  including  rope  drives, 
to  be  substantially  guarded,  as  follows : 

1.  If  guard  must  be  less  than  fifteen  (15)  inches 
from  belt,  with  a  complete  enclosure  to  a  height 
of  six  (6)  feet.     (See  Pages  96,  97.) 

2.  If  guard  can  be  placed  with  at  least  fifteen  (15) 
inches  clearance  from  the  belt,  with  a  standard 
railing  at  least  three  and  one-half  (3/^ )  feet  high. 
(See  Page  97.) 

NOTE — For  specifications  of   railing    see   "Standard  Railings". 
(Page  19.) 

(f)  Horizontal  belts,  including  rope  drives,  to  be 
substantially  guarded,  as  follows : 

1.  If  upper  part  is  less  than  six  (6)  feet  from  floor 
level  or  platform,  to  be  completely  enclosed  on 
top  and  sides  or  a  standard  railing  at  least  fifteen 
(15)  inches  from  belt  to  be  provided.  (See 
Pages  92,  93,  94.) 

2.  Where  passage  between  upper  and  lower  part  of 
the  belt  is  necessary,  standard  railing  to  be 
provided  and  a  substantial  passageway,  guarded 
on  sides  and  top,  to  be  constructed.  Otherwise, 
space  traversed  by  belt  to  be  completely  barred 
against  passage.     (See  Pages  93,  94.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau-  27 

3.  Overhead  belts  with  lower  part  seven  (7)  feet  or 
less  from  floor  level  or  platform,  to  be  guarded 
on  sides  and  bottom.     (See  Page  95.) 

4.  All  overhead  belts  six  (6)  inches  or  more  in  width 
or  traveling  thirty  (30)  feet  per  second,  or  faster, 
which  are  located  more  than  seven  (7)  feet  from 
floor  or  platform  level,  to  be  guarded  underneath. 
(SeePages93,  94,  95.) 

(g)  Clearance  between  pulley  and  any  stationary 
object  to  be  in  accordance  with  specifications  on  draw- 
ing.    (See  Page  98.) 

(h)  Vertical  shafts  to  be  enclosed  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor  or  platform.     (See  Page  101. ) 

(i)  Horizontal  shafting  seven  (7)  feet  or  less  from 
floor  or  platform  level  to  be  enclosed  or  guarded  by 
standard  railing.     (See  Pages  77,  86.) 

(j)  Dead  ends  of  shafts  seven  (7)  feet  or  less  from 
floor  or  platform  level  to  be  guarded.    (See  Pages  77,  79. ) 

(k)  All  parts  of  pulleys  within  seven  (7)  feet  of  floor 
or  platform  level  to  be  completely  enclosed  or  guarded 
by  standard  railing.   (See  Pages  80,  81,  82,  92,  93, 94,  95.) 

(1)  Set  screws  to  be  of  safety  type.  (See  Pages 
89,90,91.) 

(m)  Couplings  and  collars  to  be  of  safety  type. 
(See  Pages  86,  87,  88,  89.) 

(n)  Approved  automatic  locking  device  to  be  pro- 
vided on  belt  shifters  for  tight  and  loose  pulleys  and  on 
friction  clutch  levers.     (See  Pages  225,  226,  227.) 

(o)  Efficient  means  to  be  provided  in  each  room  or 
department  for  stopping  simultaneously  all  machinery 
in  that  room  or  department. 

NOTE — The  above  standards  in  regard  to  s^fts  and  equipment  of 
shafts  apply  to  all  main  shafting,  jack  shafting,  drive  shafting 
and  counter  shafting,  up  to  but  not  including  belts  actually 
driving  machines. 


28  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Guards 

(a)  All  guards  to  be  substantially  constructed. 
Where  mesh  is  used,  all  sharp  ends  are  to  be  avoided. 
(See  Page  55.) 

(b)  Where  mesh  larger  than  three-eighths  (^)  inch 
is  used  to  guard  belts,  gears,  etc.,  a  clearance  of  not 
less  than  five  (5)  inches  to  be  provided  between  the 
guard  and  the  part  which  is  guarded. 

(c)  Where  sheet  metal  guards  are  used  for  gears, 
etc. ,  to  be  constructed  of  heavy  sheet  metal  or  properly 
reinforced  to  insure  rigidity. 

Ladders 

Fixed  Ladders 
Stringers 

(a)  To  be  of  steel,  sizes  as  shown.    (See  Page  102.) 

(b)  Spliced  plates  to  be  of  the  same  size  as  the 
stringers  and  double  riveted.     (See  Page  102.) 

(c)  Space  between  stringers  to  be  not  less  than 
fifteen  (15)  inches. 

Rungs 

(a)  Rungs  to  be  of  steel  and  of  sizes  shown. 
(Page  102.) 

(b)  Rungs  to  be  spaced  uniformly  not  less  than 
twelve  (12)  inches  nor  more  than  fifteen  (15)  inches 
center  to  center. 

Clearances 

(a)  The  distance  from  the  center  of  the  rung  to 
the  nearest  permanent  object  back  of  the  ladder  shall 
be  not  less  than  eight  (8)  inches.  No  obstruction 
shall  be  less  than  thirty   (30)  inches  in  front  of  the 


WoRKMEN^s  Compensation  Service   Bureau  29 

point  of  the  rungs.  This  does  not  apply  to  the  en- 
closure of  a  ladder  or  to  a  smooth  wall  not  less  than 
twenty  (20)  nor  more  than  twenty-two  (22)  inches 
which  gives  the  protection  of  an  enclosure. 

Hoop  Guards 

(a)  All  ladders  twelve  (12)  feet  or  more  in  height 
shall  be  substantially  guarded  with  hoop  and  band 
guards  from  a  point  seven  (7)  feet  above  the  floor  to 
the  top.     (See  Pages  52,  68.) 

Supports 

(a)  Ladders  to  be  supported  by  brackets  whose 
cross  section  is  equal  to  that  of  the  stringers,  spaced 
not  more  than  twelve  (12)  feet  on  centers. 

Ladders  to  Roofs 

(a)  Ladders  to  roofs  to  have  stringers  extending 
three  (3)  feet  six  (6)  inches  above  the  roof  and  goose- 
necked. 

(b)  Rungs  to  be  omitted  above  the  roof. 

(c)  Platforms  to  be  provided  on  the  top  of  lad- 
ders where  the  space  between  the  ladder  and  the  roof 
is  twelve  (12)  inches  or  more. 

Portable  Straight  Ladders 
Stringers 

(a)  Stringers  to  be  made  of  spruce,  Oregon  fir. 
No.  1  long  leaf  yellow  pine,  or  its  equivalent,  selected 
close-grained  and  free  from  knots.  Sizes  of  stringers 
to  be  not  less  than  the  following : 

For  ladders  under  twelve  (12)  feet,  the  stringers 
to  be  not  less  than  one  and  one-half' (1%)  inches  thick, 
three  (3)  inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  tapering  to  two 
and  one-half  (2i/^)  at  the  top. 


80  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Twelve  (12)  foot  to  sixteen  (16)  foot  ladders  not 
less  than  one  and  one-half  (li/^)  inches  thick,  three 
and  one-half  (31/4)  inches  wide  at  bottom,  tapering  to 
two  and  one-half  (2V^)  at  top. 

Sixteen  (16)  foot  to  twenty  (20)  foot  ladders  not 
less  than  one  and  five-eighths  (1%)  inches  thick,  five 
(5)  inches  wide  at  bottom,  tapering  to  four  (4)  inches 
at  top. 

Twenty  (20)  to  thirty  (30)  foot  ladders  not  less 
than  two  (2)  inches  thick,  four  (4)  inches  wide  at 
top  and  bottom,  tapering  from  five  and  one-half  (51/^) 
inches  in  center,  or  trussed  construction  of  equal 
strength. 

(b)  Stringers  to  be  spread  so  that  the  width  of 
the  ladder  at  the  bottom  will  be  greater  than  the  width 
at  the  top  by  an  amount  equal  to  one-half  (%)  inch 
per  foot  of  length.  Minimum  width  at  bottom  to  be 
fifteen  (15)  inches. 

NOTE  Where  ladders  are  to  be  used  on  wooden  floors  only,  to  be 
equipped  with  spiked  points.  Otherwise,  ladders  to  have  shoes 
which  will  automatically  adjust  themselves  and  provide  a  firm 
hold  on  floors  irrespective  of  the  angle  at  which  the  ladder  may 
be  placed.  Ladders  intended  for  use  on  overhead  shafting  to 
have  hooks  at  the  top.    (See  Pages  101,  104.) 

Rungs 

(a)  Rungs  to  be  made  of  oak,  white  ash,  maple  or 
hickory,  not  less  than  %x2V^  inches,  set  in  stringers 
not  less  than  one-half  (V2)  inch  at  bottom  of  rung, 
tapering  to  0  inch  at  top  of  rung,  or  round,  one  and 
one-half  (11/^)  inches  in  center,  tapering  to  one  (1) 
inch  at  each  end,  and  inserted  in  one  (1)  inch  holes 
in  center  of  stringers  and  provision  made  to  prevent 
their  turning. 

(b)  Rung  spacing  to  be  uniform  and  to  be  not 
less  than  twelve  (12)  inches  and  not  greater  than 
fifteen  (15)  inches. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service   Bureau  31 

Portable  Step  Ladders 
Material 

(a)  Stringers  and  steps  of  portable  step  ladders 
to  be  made  of  spruce,  Oregon  fir  or  long  leaf  yellow 
pine  of  suflftcient  strength  to  support  the  load  for  which 
they  are  designed. 

(b)  Steps  or  rungs  to  be  spaced  uniformly;  to 
be  not  less  than  twelve  (12)  inches  nor  greater  than 
fifteen  (15)  inches. 

(c)  Stringers  to  be  bolted  together  at  least  every 
six  (6)  feet.     (See  Page  103.) 

Yards 

(a)  Railroad  grade  crossings  to  be  avoided 
wherever  possible. 

(b)  Where  railroad  tracks  or  sidings  enter  yards 
or  pass  exits,  proper  danger  signs,  signals  and  detours 
to  be  provided,  and  where  trafliic  demands,  flagmen  to 
be  stationed.     (See  Page  107.) 

(c)  Derailing  arrangements  or  track  skidders 
with  warning  signals  to  be  prominently  displayed  at 
both  ends  of  any  car  or  train  of  cars  in  yard  or  shop 
which  is  being  loaded,  unloaded  or  repaired.  (See 
Pages  108,  284.) 

(d)  All  frogs  and  switches  to  be  blocked  with 
hardwood  or  metal  to  a  distance  where  width  between 
rails  will  be  at  least  six  (6)  inches  in  the  clear. 

(e)  Material  to  be  piled  in  an  orderly  and  sub- 
stantial manner. 

Maintenance  and  Inspection 

(a)  Bearings  on  shafting  to  be  of  self -oiling  type, 
or  other  means  to  be  provided  to  o*bviate  the  necessity 
of  an  oiler  exposing  himself  to  shafting,  pulleys,  gears 
or  sprockets  while  in  motion. 


32  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(b)  Chains,  hooks,  slings  and  ropes  to  be  regu- 
larly inspected  at  least  once  every  month  and  chains 
and  hooks  to  be  regularly  annealed  at  least  once  every 
twelve  (12)  months,  and  records  kept  of  such  inspec- 
tion and  annealing.  Records  to  be  in  the  form  of  a 
metal  tag  attached  to  each  chain  or  hook  with  date  of 
purchase  and  last  annealing  stamped  thereon.  In  addi- 
tion thereto,  complete  records  of  all  chains  and  hooks 
are  to  be  kept  in  office.  Annealing  to  be  made  under 
temperatures  as  specified  by  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials.     (See  Pages  270,  271. ) 

(c)  No  chain,  wire  rope  or  manila  rope  to  be  used 
for  any  loads  exceeding  those  specified  in  table.  (See 
Page  271.) 

(d)  All  hooks  to  be  constructed  in  conformity 
with  specifications  in  table.     (See  Page  268. ) 

(e)  All  chains,  hooks,  slings  and  ropes  to  be  stored 
in  an  orderly  manner  and  to  be  kept  free  from  moist- 
ure. All  steel  cables  and  slings  to  be  kept  well  lubri- 
cated.    (See  Page  270.) 

(f )  Where  hoisting  material  is  exposed  to  exces- 
sive heat,  chains  are  to  be  used  exclusively. 

(g)  Machinery,  safety  appliances  and  all  equip- 
ment to  be  regularly  inspected  at  least  once  every 
week,  and  records  to  be  kept  of  these  inspections. 
Records  to  be  on  approved  forms. 


Safety  Organization  in  Plant 

Systematic  accident  prevention  activities  and  edu- 
cation to  be  carried  on  among  employees  through 
safety  committees  composed  of  superintendents,  fore- 


WoRKMEN^s  Compensation  Service   Bureau  SS 

men  and  employees ;  and  literature  on  accident  preven- 
tion embodying  specific  rules  and  regulations  relating 
to  safety  in  their  work  to  be  distributed  among  em- 
ployees in  language  (or  languages)  understood  by 
them.  The  following  plan  of  organization  is  suggested : 

(a)  A  safety  inspector  to  be  appointed  to  per- 
form the  following  duties: 

To  have  charge  of  details  of  all  safety  work. 
To  receive  all  reports,  recommendations  and 
suggestions. 

To  inspect: 

1.  For  need  of  safeguards. 

2.  For  installation  of  safeguards. 

3.  For  maintenance  of  safeguards. 

4.  For  use  of  safeguards. 

5.  For  unsafe  practices. 

6.  For  plant  cleanliness. 

NOTE— In  plants  of  $100,000  payroll  or  more, , the  safety  inspector 
to  devote  all  his  time  to  that  work.  In  plants  vi^ith  less  than 
$100,000  payroll,  he  may  devote  part  of  his  time  to  other  duties. 

(b)  A  safety  committee  to  be  appointed,  to  be 
composed  of  plant  superintendent  or  his  assistant 
(chairman),  safety  inspector  (secretary)  and  three 
(3)  or  more  high  grade  department  superintendents, 
foremen  or  workmen,  who  shall : 

1.  Have    general    charge    and    supervision 
over  safety  work. 

2.  Pass  on  all  controverted  matters. 

3.  Gather  all  available  information. 

4.  Establish  standards  fof  safeguards. 

5.  Promulgate  rules  for  safe  operations. 

6.  Outline  educational  campaign. 


S4>  Universal  Safety  STANDAtiDg 

(c)  Workmen's  committees  to  be  appointed  and 
changed  periodically,  consisting  of  three  to  five  work- 
men who  shall : 

1.  Make  inspections  of  all  machinery  and 
equipment. 

2.  Investigate  accidents  in  their  several  de- 
partments. 

3.  Render  written  reports  on  forms  pro- 
vided for  that  purpose. 

(d)  Foremen — Each  foreman  should: 

1.  Enforce  safety  rules  adopted. 

2.  Be  held  responsible  for  the  safety  of 
his  men. 

3.  Investigate  accidents,  reporting  causes 
and  suggestions  for  method  of  prevent- 
ing recurrence  on  forms  provided  for 
that  purpose. 

4.  Make  frequent  inspections  of  his  depart- 
ment. 

5.  Render  weekly  written  reports  on  forms 
provided  for  that  purpose. 

(e)  Meetings  of  foremen — held  at  least  monthly 
to  discuss  safety  matters. 

(f)  Each  workman  to  be  educated  and  interested 
in  safety  matters,  including: 

1.  Instruction  of  new  men. 

2.  Familiarizing  of  men  with  rules. 

3.  Interesting  the  men  through  bulletin 
boards,  prizes,  etc. 

4.  Discipline. 


Workmen ^s  Compensation  Service   Bureau  35 

First  Aid  Equipment 

(a)  Approved  first  aid  equipment,  including  med- 
ical kits,  splints,  stretchers,  etc.,  to  be  kept  in  easily 
accessible  place  or  places,  and  persons  to  be  properly- 
instructed  to  use  same  until  expert  medical  help  ar- 
rives. Where  hazards  involved  and  size  of  plant  jus- 
tify it,  a  dispensary  with  trained  nurse  to  be  provided. 

(b)  First  aid  equipment  to  be  inspected  by  a  com- 
petent authority  at  least  once  monthly. 


Explosives  and  Dangerous  Gases,  Vapors 
and  Fumes 

(a)  Where  any  explosive  or  otherwise  dangerous 
materials  (liquids,  solids,  gases,  vapors  or  fumes)  are 
generated,  used,  kept  or  stored,  the  following  require- 
ments to  be  observed : 

1.  Rooms  where  explosive  or  dangerous  gases, 
vapors  or  fumes  are  used  or  generated,  to  be 
tightly  enclosed  and  provided  with  an  approved 
system  of  ventilation. 

NOTE— If  the  gas  or  vapor  is  lighter  than  air,  hoods  and  vents 
without  suction  fans  may  be  sufficient,  but  if  it  is  heavier  than 
air,  a  suction  fan  to  be  used. 

2.  Joints  in  tanks,  pipes,  conveyors,  valves,  etc., 
used  for  storage  or  conveyance  of  explosive 
liquids,  gases  or  vapors,  to  be  kept  tight. 

3.  Before  work  is  done  on  vessels,  pipes,  etc.,  suffi- 
cient time  to  be  given  to  allow  gas  to  escape. 

t 

NOTE — Special  care  to  be  exercised  before  work  requiring  the  use 
of  heat  or  a  flame  is  done.  Apparatus  which  has  contained 
acetylene  or  similar  gases  to  be  first  filled  with  water  or  steam 
to  force  out  the  gas. 


S6  Universal  Safety  Standards 

4.  No  open  light  or  flame,  nor  any  machine  or 
equipment  capable  of  producing  a  spark,  to  be 
allowed  in  rooms  where  explosives  are  present. 
Only  incandescent  lights  to  be  used,  and  these 
to  be  of  the  double-globe,  vapor-proof  keyless 
type. 

NOTE — Shafting  and  machinery  Hkely  to  cause  a  static  electric 
spark,  to  be  well  grounded.  All  switches,  fuses,  etc.,  to  be 
placed  outside  of  the  room. 

5.  Danger  signs  to  be  posted  on  all  doors  leading 
into  the  room,  warning  against  carrying  open 
lights  into  the  room  and  stating  in  language 
(or  languages)  understood  by  all  employees  the 
hazard  of  so  doing. 

6.  Where  large  amounts  of  explosive  liquids  are 
used,  the  main  supply  to  be  stored  in  a  tank 
located  at  least  thirty  (30)  feet  from  the  build- 
ing and  at  least  two  (2)  feet  underground,  a 
working  supply  to  be  pumped  into  building  as 
needed.  Supply  system  to  be  so  arranged  that 
when  the  pump  is  stopped  all  the  liquid  in  the 
pipe  will  flow  back  into  the  supply  tank.  Where 
the  supply  is  thus  pumped  into  building,  safety 
cans  of  not  over  five  (5)  gallons  capacity  to 
be  used  for  distribution  in  the  building  itself. 
Systems  and  appliances  approved  by  the  Under- 
writers' Laboratories  will  be  accepted.  (See 
Page  106.) 

7."  Where  it  is  impracticable  to  use  a  buried  tank 
and  a  pump,  the  main  supply  to  be  stored  out- 
side of  and  well  away  from  other  buildings 
and  to  be  kept  under  lock  and  key.  Working 
supply  in  such  cases  to  be  taken  into  building 
in  closed  safety  cans  of  not  over  five  (5)  gal- 
lons capacity. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  37 

8.  Signs,  in  language  (or  languages)  understood 
by  all  employees,  prohibiting  the  burning  of 
an  open  flame  near  place  of  storage  or  pump* 
or  other  apparatus  containing  or  conveying  ex- 
plosives, and  giving  specific  instructions  as  to 
safe  methods  of  handling,  to  be  prominently 
displayed. 

9.  Empty  barrels  which  have  contained  highly 
explosive  liquids  to  be  stored,  bung  holes  down, 
in  safe  places  in  the  open  air. 

(b)  Coal,  lamp  black,  tow,  wood  dust,  cork,  sul- 
phur, malt,  flour,  starch,  celluloid,  sugar,  dextrin,  resin, 
and  other  substances  likely  to  be  exploded  by  an  open 
flame  or  a  spark,  to  be  safeguarded,  when  present  in 
a  finely  divided  state,  by  the  same  ventilation  stan- 
dards prescribed  for  explosive  gases  and  vapors. 

NOTE — Bins  used  for  the  collection  of  dust  from  such  substances  to 
be  tightly  enclosed  and  vented  to  the  open  air. 

General  Order,  Light  and  Sanitation 

(a)  Aisles  and  passageways  to  be  kept  clear  of 
obstructions. 

(b)  All  spaces  of  less  than  eighteen  (18)  inches 
between  machines,  or  between  a  machine  and  a  fixed 
object,  to  be  permanently  and  effectively  barred 
against  passage. 

(c)  Material  to  be  piled  in  an  orderly  and  sub- 
stantial manner. 

(d)  Pipes,  rods,  etc.,  when  piled  vertically,  to  be 
secured  at  top  and  bottom  to  prevent  sliding  and  to 
have  suflficient  slant  to  prevent  falling.    (See  Page  235. ) 

(e)  Substantial  racks  to  be  provided  for  pipes, 
rods,  etc.,  when  piled  horizontally.     (See  Page  235.) 


38  Universal  Safety  Standards 

(f)  Places  frequented  by  employees  to  be  pro- 
yided  with  sufficient  light,  natural  or  artificial. 

(g)  Ample  volume  o^  air  to  circulate  throughout 
rooms,  either  naturally  or  by  artificial  means.  (Supply 
to  be  sufficient  to  carry  off  all  dust  and  injurious 
vapors  or  gases  and  to  provide  at  least  30  cubic  feet 
of  fresh  air  per  person  per  minute.) 

(h)  Metal  receptacles  to  be  provided  for  oily  waste 
and  refuse.     (See  Page  237. ) 

(i)  Ample  and  proper  sanitary  facilities,  such  as 
clothes  lockers,  washrooms,  lunchrooms,  lavatories, 
etc.,  to  be  provided  for  employees.  Lockers  to  be  con- 
structed or  arranged  to  prevent  storing  or  piling 
material  on  top. 

Signs 

(a)  All  danger  signs,  whether  internally  or  ex- 
ternally illuminated,  to  consist  of  legible  and  conspic- 
uous white  letters  forming  the  one  word  ''DANGER" 
on  red  field,  in  language  (or  languages)  understood 
by  all  workmen. 

When  the  danger  point  is  not  obvious,  a  white 
arrow  to  be  also  displayed  on  the  red  field  pointing  in 
the  direction  of  the  danger  point.     (See  Pages  108, 109.) 

(b)  All  safety  signs,  whether  internally  or  exter- 
nally illuminated,  such  as  for  exits,  first  aid  equipment, 
etc.,  to  consist  of  legible  and  conspicuous  white  letters 
on  green  field,  indicating  the  nature  of  the  safety  in  as 
brief  a  form  as  possible.     (See  Pages  42,  109.) 

(c)  All  signs  to  be  effectively  illuminated,  nat- 
urally or  artificially. 


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PART  II. 
THE  MACHINE  SHOP 


PRINCIPLES  OF  SAFEGUARDING 


The  following  principles  have  been  adopted  for  the 
design  of  machine  safeguards : 

1.  All  power  working  machines  to  have  gears, 
sprockets,  chains,  belts,  bands,  pulleys,  clutches, 
wheels,  shafting,  spindles,  couplings,  counter- 
weights, revolving  or  reciprocating  parts  and 
all  other  dangerous  points,  parts  or  projections 
guarded  in  approved  manner. 

2.  All  roller  fed  machines  on  which  operator's 
hands  come  within  danger  zone  to  be  guarded 
at  the  point  of  operation  in  approved  manner. 

3.  All  machines  having  a  sheering,  pressing, 
squeezing,  or  cutting  action  on  which  operator's 
hands  come  within  the  danger  zone  to  be 
guarded  at  the  point  of  operation  in  approved 
manner. 

The  requirements  of  a  safeguard  are : 

(a)  That  it  afford  all  possible  safety  to  the  oper- 
ator and  surrounding  workmen. 

(b)  That  it  be,  if  possible,  automatic  in  its  action, 
application  or  operation. 

(c)  That  it  be,  if  possible,  an  integral  part  of  the 
machine  itself. 

(d)  That  it  do  not  materially  diminish  the  out- 
put or  efficiency  of  the  machine  to  which  it  is  applied. 

(e)  Where  cone  pulley  belt  shifters  are  required 
the  type  must  be  properly  applicable  without  interfer- 
ing with  guards  of  pulleys  to  which'applied.  Operating 
lever  of  belt  shifter  is  to  be  so  arranged  that  it  will 


114  Universal  Safety  Standards 

not  necessitate  the  removal  or  opening  of  guard  in 
order  to  shift  belt. 

NOTE — The  fact  that  an  open  guard  of  angle  iron  and  screen  is 
shown,  does  not  necessarily  mean  that  angle  iron  and  screen  is 
preferred  to  solid  sheet  metal — the  former  is  used  in  many- 
cases  because  the  part  guarded  can  be  seen  through  it. 


Boring  and  Turning  Mill  (Vertical  Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  145.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  guarded. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Chain  drive  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Universal  couplings  and  connecting  shaft  to  be 
guarded. 

6.  Revolving  table  to  be  enclosed  on  edge  by  sta- 
tionary band  guard  with  provision  for  adjust- 
ing stock. 

7.  Counterweight  to  be  guarded  for  entire  travel. 
Guard  to  have  sealed  bottom  to  prevent  weight 
from  dropping. 

Boring  and  Turning  Mill  (Vertical  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  146.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be 
equipped  with  automatic  locking  device.  (See 
Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  115 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 

5.  Universal  couplings  and  shafts  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Revolving  table  to  be  enclosed  on  edge  by  sta- 
tionary band  guard  with  provision  for  adjust- 
ing stock. 

7.  All  counterweights  to  be  guarded  for  entire 
travel.  Guard  to  have  bottom  sealed  to  pre- 
vent weight  from  dropping. 


Tire  Turning  Mill  (Vertical,  Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  147.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  guarded. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Transmission  gears  to  be  completely  guarded, 
shifting  lever  to  extend  through  guard. 

4.  All  other  power  driven  gears,  including  feed 
gear  and  eccentric,  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Revolving  table  to  be  enclosed  on  edge  by  sta- 
tionary band  guard  with  provision  for  adjusting 
stock. 

6.  Tool  to  be  guarded  as  shown  on  Page  177. 

7.  Counterweight  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 


116  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Locomotive  Rod  Boring  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  148.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or 
live  parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Spindle  feed  gears  to  be  enclosed  with  hood 
guarH  arranged  to  permit  changing  of  gears. 

5.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.  (See  Page  233.) 

Bulldozer 

(See  Page  149.) 

1.  Driving  clutch  and  all  power  driven  gears  to  be 
completely  enclosed. 

2.  Clutch  lever  to  extend  through  guard  and  to 
be  provided  with  automatic  locking  device.  (See 
Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Exposed  shafting  to  be  protected  with  shaft 
guard.     (See  Page  86.) 

4.  Eccentric  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Connecting  rod  and  head  to  be  guarded  by  rail- 
ing extending  entire  length  of  travel.  Railing 
to  have  opening  to  admit  stock. 

Cutting-off  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  150.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  guarded. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  117 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Clutch  to  be  completely  guarded  to  within  one 
(1)  inch  of  maximum  aperture. 

5.  Feed  belt  to  be  completely  enclosed. 


Double  Axle  Cutting-off  and  Centering  Machine 
(Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  151.) 

1.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic 
locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Centering  chucks  to  be  completely  enclosed  ex- 
cept an  opening  for  stock  one  (1)  inch  larger 
than  maximum  size. 

6.  Tools  to  be  guarded  as  shown  on  Page  177. 

Drill  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  152.) 

1.  Driving  belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227. ) 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Spindle  shaft  to  be  guarded  as  shown. 


118  Universal  Safety  Standards 

6.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

7.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


High  Duty  Drill  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  153.) 

1.  Belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  Pages  225,  226. ) 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Safety  drill  socket  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

6.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Friction  Drill  (Vertical,  Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  154.) 

1.  Motor,  driving  belt  and  friction  cones  to  be 
completely  enclosed. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Safety  drill  socket  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

4.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  119 

Upright  Self-Feeding  Drill  (Hand  or  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  155.) 

1.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  extend  through  guard  and  to  be 
equipped  with  automatic  locking  device.  (See 
Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Drill  press  spindles  to  be  guarded. 

4.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

5.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Spindle  Rail  Drilling  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  156.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  wil;h  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Driving  belt  and  feed  belts  to  be  guarded  to 
height  of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Counterweight  to  be  enclosed  from  floor  to  top 
of  weight  when  in  extreme  upward  position. 

6.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.  (See  Page 
233.) 


120  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Universal  Adjustable  Drill  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  157.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Universal  couplings  and  connecting  shafts  to 
be  guarded. 

6.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

7.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Sensitive  Drilling  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  158.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  pedal  to  be 
equipped  with  locking  device  as  shown. 

2.  Main  drive  belt  and  all  other  belts  and  pulleys 
to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet  from 
floor. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Spindle  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Safety  drill  socket  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

6.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service   Bureau  121 

Hole  Hog  Multiple  Drill  (Vertical  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  159.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  belts  to  be  guarded  to  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  Feed  belt  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Driving  spiral  to  be  completely  encased  by 
hinged  screen  guard. 

6.  Foot  lever  to  act  as  automatic  cut-off  for  feed. 

7.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.  (See  Page 
233.) 

8.  Counterweight  to  be  enclosed  from  floor  to  top 
of  weight  when  in  extreme  upward  position. 

9.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 

High  Speed  Multiple  Drill  (Vertical,  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  160.) 

1.  Belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Counterweight  to  be  enclosed  from  floor  to  top 
of  weight  when  in  highest  position. 

6.  Openings  in  spindle  case  to  be  covered. 


122  Universal  Safety  Standards 

7.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.    (See  Page  233.) 

8.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 

High  Speed  Multiple  Drill  (Vertical,  Efelt  Driven) 

(See  Page  161.) 

1.  Driving  belts  to  be  enclosed  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  equip- 
ped with  automatic  locking  device.  (See 
Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Feed-rod  to  be  enclosed  to  a  height  of  six  (6) 
feet. 

6.  Openings  in  spindle  case  to  be  covered. 

7.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.    (See  Page  233.) 

8.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 

Multiple  Spindle  Drill  (Horizontal,  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  162.) 

1.  Belt  shifter  or  clutch  lever  to  extend  through 
guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  lock- 
ing device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Openings  in  sides  of  spindle  case  to  be  covered. 

5.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.    (See  Page  233.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  123 

Radial  Drill  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  163.) 

1.  All  belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6) 
feet. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Safety  drill  sockets  to  be  used.     (See  Page  233.) 

6.  Table  to  be  equipped  with  drill  press  vise,  or 
clamps,  or  other  provisions  to  be  made  to 
properly  secure  stock  when  drilling. 


Automatic  Gear  Cutting  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  164.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking  de- 
vice.    (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Gear  hob  to  be  enclosed  as  completely  as  pos- 
sible without  interfering  ^th  the  cutting. 

6.  Space  between  arms  on  hand  wheel  to  be  cov- 
ered as  shown. 


124  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Gear  Generating  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  165.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  completely  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Counterweight  to  be  enclosed  from  floor  to  top 
of  weight  when  in  highest  position. 


Car  Wheel  Grinder 

(See  Page  166.) 

1.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic 
locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  All  belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Grinding  wheels  to  be  guarded  as  shown  on 
Pages  168  to  173. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

Guide  Bar  Grinder  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  167.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Driving  belts  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  125 

5.  Exposed  shaft  to  be  covered  with  shaft  guard. 
(See  Page  86.) 

6.  Grinding  wheel  to  be  guarded. 

7.  Wheels  to  be  provided  with  substantial  retain- 
ing hoods  or  band  guards  covering  as  much  of 
the  wheels  as  possible  and  of  sufficient  strength 
to  retain  fragments  in  case  of  explosion. 

8.  Openings  in  bed  to  be  covered  with  substantial 
perforated  metal  guard,  securely  fastened. 

9.  Table  to  have  eighteen  (18)  inches  clearance 
from  all  stationary  objects  when  in  extreme 
positions.  Otherwise  space  to  be  permanently 
and  effectively  barred  against  passage. 

Tool  Grinders,  Center  Grinders,  all  other  Emery 
and  Abrasive  Wheel  (Belt  and  Motor  Driven) 

(See  Pages  168,  169.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device. 

2.  Belt  to  be  enclosed  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  If  motor  driven,  all  openings  in  motor  exposing 
rotating  or  live  parts  to  be  covered  and  motor 
to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting  box  of 
approved  safe  type,  with  control  located  con- 
venient to  operator. 

4.  Wheels  eight  (8)  inches  or  more  in  diameter 
whether  used  wet  or  dry,  to  be  mounted  with 
safety  flanges,  provided  *that  operation  for 
which  wheels  are  used  and  shape  of  wheels  do 
not  make  this  impractical. 


126  Universal  Safety  Standards 

5.  Wheels  to  be  provided  with  substantial  retain- 
ing hoods  (or,  when  such  would  interfere  with 
operation,  with  band  guards)  covering  as  much 
of  the  wheel  as  possible  and  of  sufficient 
strength  to  retain  fragments  in  case  of  explo- 
sion.    (See  Pages  172,  173.) 

6.  Plate  glass  shield  to  be  attached  above  point  of 
grinding  contact.     (See  Page  168.) 

7.  Arbor  ends  to  be  protected.  (See  Pages  168, 
172.) 

8.  Dry  wheels  to  be  provided  with  efficient  ex- 
haust system,  capable  of  drawing  off  all  dust 
particles.    See  Page  168.) 

9.  All  wheels  to  be  operated  at  a  speed  not  to 
exceed  that  recommended  by  the  manufacturer. 

10.  Speed  limit  stops  to  be  applied.      (See  Page 
174.) 

Safety  Flanges 
(See  Pages  170,  171.) 

Grinding  Wheel  Guards 

(See  Pages  172,  173.) 

Grinding  Wheel  Limit  Stop 

(See  Page  174.) 

Power  Hammer  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  175.) 

1.  Driving  pulley  and  idler  to  be  complete  y  enclosed. 

2.  Idler  to  be  so  designed  that  gravity  holds  it  in 
idle  position. 

3.  Eccentric  and  hammer  to  be  completely  en- 
closed to  the  height  of  maximum  lift  of  hammer. 

4.  Treadle  to  be  equipped  with  safety  locking 
device  as  shown. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  127 

Steam  Hammer 

(See  Page  176.) 

1.  Operating  levers  to  be  equipped  with  automatic 
locking  devices. 

2.  Scale  guard  to  be  applied  at  point  of  operation. 

3.  Locking  device  for  ram  to  be  provided  and  used 
when  changing  dies. 

4.  If  steam  pipe  leading  to  or  from  cylinder  is 
within  seven  (7)  feet  of  floor  level,  it  is  to  be 
effectively  insulated  by  non-conducting  mate- 
rial. 


Engine  Lathe  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  177.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Cone  pulley,  belt  and  back  gears  to  be  enclosed 
to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor.  Back 
gear  shifting  lever  to  extend  through  guard. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  other  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely 
enclosed. 

5.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and  to 
be  enclosed  on  edges  by  stationary  band  guard 
with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See  Page 
184.) 

6.  Lathe  dogs  to  be  of  a  safety  type  or  enclosed. 
(See  Pages  185,  186.) 

7.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact  as  shown. 


128  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Engine  Lathe  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  178.) 

1 .  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Brake  wheel  to  be  enclosed  and  brake  attach- 
ment applied  with  lever  extending  through 
enclosure. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and  to 
be  enclosed  on  edges  by  stationary  band  guard 
with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See  Page 
184.) 

6.  Lathe  dogs  to  be  of  a  safety  type  or  enclosed. 
(See  Pages  185,  186.) 

7.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact.  (See 
Page  177.) 

Driving  Wheel  Lathe  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  179.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Cone  pulley  and  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of 
six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Both  chucks  to  be  enclosed  on  edges  by  sta- 
tionary band  guard  with  provision  for  adjusting 
stock. 

6.  Tool  to  be  guarded  as  shown  on  Page  177.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  129 

Tire  Turning  Lathe  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  180.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  which  expose  rotating 
or  live  parts  to  be  enclosed. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Chain  drive  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Shafting  to  be  covered  with  shaft  guard. 

5.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

6.  Chuck  to  be  of  a  safety  type  and  to  be  enclosed 
on  edges  by  stationary  band  guard  with  pro- 
vision for  adjusting  stock.     (See  Page  184.) 

7.  Lathe  dogs  to  be  of  a  safety  type  or  enclosed. 

8.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact.  (See 
Page  177.) 

Heavy  Back  Geared  Lathe  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  181.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Chain  drive  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  All  exposed  power  driven  shafting  to  be  cov- 
ered with  shaft  guard. 

6.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and 
to  be  enclosed  on  edges  by  stationary  band 
guard  with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See 
Page  184.) 


130  Universal  Safety  Standards 

7.  Lathe  dogs  to  be  of  a  safety  type  or  enclosed. 
(See  Pages  185,  186.) 

8.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact.  (See 
Page  177.) 

Speed  Lathe  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  182.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device. 

2.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied. 

4.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and  to 
be  enclosed  on  edges  by  stationary  band  guard 
with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See 
Page  184.) 

5.  Lathe  dogs  to  be  of  a  safety  type  or  enclosed. 
(See  Pages  185,  186.) 

Universal  Hollow  Turret  Lathe  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  183.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and  to 
be  enclosed  on  edges  by  a  stationary  band 
guard  with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See 
(Page  184.) 

5.  Stock  to  be  guarded  for  entire  length  as  shown. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  131 

Safety  Chuck 

(See  Page  184.) 

Safety  Lathe  Dog 

(See  Page  185.) 

Lathe  Dog  Guard 

(See  Page  186.) 

Plain  Milling  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  187.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  and  feed  belts  to  be  guarded  to  height 
of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Telescoping  universal  coupling  shaft  to  be  com- 
pletely enclosed. 

6.  Cutter  head  to  be  guarded  as  shown. 

Portable  Milling  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  188.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 


132  Universal  Safety  Standards 

4.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.      (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

5.  Driving   shaft  to   be  guarded   by   telescoping 
guard  as  shown. 

6.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 


Vertical  Milling  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  189.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  All  belting  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Telescoping  shafts  and  universal  couplings  to 
be  guarded  as  shown. 

Heavy  Vertical  Milling  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  190.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Feed  belt  pulley  to  be  guarded,  gear  shifting 
lever  to  extend  through  guard. 

5.  Main  spindle  to  be  guarded  with  telescoping 
guard. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  133 

6.  Counterweight   to   be   enclosed   from   floor   to 
top  of  weight  when  in  extreme  upward  position. 

7.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact.     (See 
Page  187.) 


Pipe  Threading  and  Cutting  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  191.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Gear  shifting  lever  to  extend  through  guard, 

6.  Chuck  to  be  preferably  of  a  safety  type  and 
to  be  enclosed  on  edges  by  stationary  band 
guard  with  provision  for  adjusting  stock.  (See 
Page  184.) 

7.  Centering  vise  to  be  guarded  as  shown. 

8.  Where  peripheral  speed  of  stock  exceeds  six 
(6)  feet  a  second,  stock  to  be  guarded.  (See 
Page  183.) 

Pipe  Bending  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  192.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 


134  Universal  Safety  Standards 

3.  Reversing  lever  to  be  extended  through  guard. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Roll  shafts  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Railing  of  standard  height  to  be  placed  within 
six  (6)  inches  of  rolls. 

Planer  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  193.) 

1.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Feed  eccentric  to  be  guarded. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Openings  in  planer  bed  to  be  covered  by 
substantial  perforated  metal  guard  securely 
fastened. 

6.  Table  to  have  eighteen  (18)  inches  clearance 
from  all  stationary  objects  when  in  extreme 
positions.  Otherwise  space  to  be  permanently 
and  effectively  barred  against  passage. 

7.  Tool  to  be  guarded  at  point  of  contact.  (See 
Page  177.) 

Vertical  Spindle  and  Rotary  Planing  Machine 
(Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  194.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  135 

3.  Belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Cutter  to  be  guarded  as  shown. 

6.  Openings  in  bed  to  be  guarded  by  substantial 
perforated  metal  guard,  securely  fastened. 

7.  Table  to  have  eighteen  (18)  inches  clearance 
from  all  stationary  objects  when  in  extreme 
position.  Otherwise  space  to  be  permanently 
and  effectively  barred  against  passage. 

Hydraulic  Wheel  Press 

(See  Page  195.) 

1.  Driving  belts  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be 
equipped  with  automatic  locking  device.  (See 
Pages  225,  226.) 

3.  Eccentrics  to  be  included  in  driving  belt  guard. 

4.  Cylinder  and  all  cast  iron  fittings  containing 
pressure  to  be  designed  with  a  safety  factor  of 
ten. 

Stopper  Press 

(See  Page  196.) 

1.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  an  automatic 
locking  device.     (See  Pages  225,  226.) 

2.  Driving  belt  and  pulley  to  be  guarded  to  height 
of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Belt  and  pulleys  operating  ejector  rolls  to  be 
guarded. 

5.  Feed  ratchet  to  be  guarded. 


136  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Straight  Sided  Press  (Double  Geared,  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  197.) 

1.  Driving  belt  and  pulley  to  be  guarded  to  height 
of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  extend 
through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic locking  device.     (See  Page^  225  to  227.) 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Connecting  rod  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Ram  crank  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Counterweight  to  be  guarded  from  floor  to  top 
of  weight  when  in  extreme  upward  position. 

7.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  danger  zone. 
(See  Pages  203  to  213.) 

Straight  Sided  Trimming  Press  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  198.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  and  fly-wheels  to  be 
completely  guarded. 

4.  Clutch  to  be  completely  guarded. 

5.  Ram  crank  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Side  tool,  crank  and  connecting  rod  to  be 
guarded. 

7.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  danger  zone. 
(See  Pages  203  to  213.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  137 

Straight  Sided  Stamping  Press  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  199.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 

3.  Pulleys  and  fly-wheels  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Crank  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Clutch  to  be  guarded. 

7.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  the  danger 
zone.     (See  Pages  203  to  213.) 

Dial  Feed  Press  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  200.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Driving  belt  and  pulleys  to  be  completely 
guarded.    Lever  to  extend  through  guard. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Ram  crank  and  connecting  rod  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Dial  feed  crank  and  connecting  rod  to  be  com- 
pletely guarded. 

7.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  the  danger 
zone.     (See  Pages  203  to  213.) 


ISS  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Inclinable  Power  Press  (Roll  Feed,  Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  201.) 

1.  Driving  pulley  and  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height 
of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic 
locking  device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

3.  Ram  crank  to  be  guarded. 

4.  Feed  crank  and  connecting  rod  to  be  completely 
guarded. 

5.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

6.  Feed  rolls  to  be  guarded. 

7.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  the  danger 
zone.     (See  Pages  203  to  213.) 

Inclinable  Stamping  Press  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  202.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Driving  belt  and  pulleys  to  be  completely 
guarded.    Idler  handle  to  extend  through  guard. 

4.  Crank  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Press  to  be  equipped  with  approved  automatic 
device  at  point  of  operation  preventing  oper- 
ator's hands  from  coming  within  the  danger 
zone.     (See  Pages  203  to  213.) 

6.  Where  side  tool  is  used,  eccentric  and  tool  are 
to  be  guarded  in  similar  manner. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  139 

Stamping  Press  Guards 

(See  Pages  203  to  212.) 

Stamping  Press  Feeders  and  Ejectors 

(See  Page  213.) 

Rail  Ending  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  214.) 

1.  Entire  machine  and  motor  to  be  enclosed  with 
easily  removable  guards. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

Extra  Heavy  Slotting  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  215.) 

1.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

2.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

3.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic 
locking  device. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Ram  eccentric  to  be  guarded. 

6.  Keyed  feed  shaft  to  be  guarded. 

Plate  Bending  Rolls  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  216.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  ^switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 


140  Universal  Safety  Standards 

3.  All  exposed  shafting  to  be  covered  with  shaft 
guard. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Rolls  to  be  completely  covered  with  a  heavy 
plate,  leaving  small  slot  for  feeding  and  ejecting. 


Plate  Straightening  Rolls  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  217.) 

1.  Driving  belts  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six 
(6)  feet  from  floor. 

2.  Pulleys  and  clutches  to  be  completely  guarded. 

3.  Clutch  lever  to  extend  through  guard  and  to 
be  provided  with  automatic  locking  device. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Rolls  to  be  completely  covered  with  heavy  plate, 
allowing  small  slots  for  feeding  and  ejecting. 


Combination  Cold  Saw  Cutting-off  Machine 
(Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  218.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Chain  drive  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Friction  disc  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Saw  to  be  equipped  with  adjustable  guard  cov- 
ering all  parts  exposed  under  given  operations. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  141 

Power  Hack  Saw  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  219.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Starting  lever  and  automatic  tripping  rod  to 
be  extended  through  guard. 

Shaper  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  220.) 

1.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  or  clutch 
lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  locking 
device.     (See  Pages  225  to  227.) 

2.  Driving  belt  and  pulley  to  be  guarded  to  height 
of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 

3.  Cone  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  applied.  (See 
Pages  228  to  231.) 

4.  Feed  crank  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Tool  to  be  guarded  as  shown. 

6.  Ram  to  have  eighteen  (18)  inches  clearance 
from  all  stationary  objects  when  in  extreme 
position.  Otherwise  space  to  be  permanently 
and  effectively  barred  against  passage. 

Alligator  Shears  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  221.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by*switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 


42  Universal  Safety  Standards 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Exposed  shaft  to  be  covered  with  shaft  guard. 
(See  Page  86.) 


Rotary  Beveling  Shears  (Motor  Driven) 
(See  Page  222.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 


Six  Spindle  Nut  Tapper  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  223.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Motor  to  be  controlled  by  switch  and  starting 
box  of  approved  safe  type,  with  control  located 
convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Chain  drive  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Gear  shifting  lever  to  extend  through  guard. 

6.  Extension  of  spindle  shafts  to  be  guarded  to  a 
height  of  six  (6)  feet  from  floor. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  14S 

Flue  Welding  Machine  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  224.) 

1.  Belt  to  be  guarded  to  a  height  of  six  (6)  feet 
from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  ex- 
tended through  guard  and  to  be  equipped  with 
automatic  locking  device.  > 

3.  Fly-wheel  to  be  enclosed  by  belt  guard. 

4.  All  gears  and  cutters  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Driving  shaft  to  be  covered  with  shaft  guard. 

6.  Counterweight  to  be  securely  fastened  on  arm 
and  provision  made  that  it  cannot  fall  off. 

Tight  and  Loose  Pulley  Belt  Shifters  and 
Locking  Devices 

(See  Pages  225,  226,  227.) 

Cone  Pulley  Belt  Shifters 

(See  Pages  228  to  231.) 

Safety  Levers 

(See  Page  232.) 

Safety  Drill  Socket 

,  (See  Page  233.) 

Rack  for  Chucks  and  Face  Plates 

(See  Page  234.) 

Racks  for  Bar  Stock  and  Pipes 

(See  Page  235.) 


144  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Bin  for  Pipe  Fittings  and  Small  Castings 

(See  Page  236.) 

Shop  Furniture 

(See  Page  237.) 

Chipping  Shield 

(See  Page  238.) 

General  Machine  Shop  Plan 

(See  Page  239.)    . 

1.  All  straight  line,  turning,  milling,  grinding  and 
tempering  operations  are  grouped. 

2.  Tool  room  is  centrally  located. 

3.  Ample  space  is  allowed  around  planers  for  the 
handling  of  large  castings. 

4.  Benches,  bench  lathes  and  universal  grinders 
are  placed  near  windows. 

5.  The  engine  and  bench  lathes  are  driven  by 
countershaft  for  efficiency  while  all  other  tools 
are  direct  motor  driven. 

6.  Metal  treating  baths,  tempering  furnaces  and 
grinders  are  equipped  with  adequate  exhaust 
hoods. 

7.  All  spaces  between  m.achines  less  than  eighteen 
(18)  inches  are  permanently  barred  against 
passage. 

8.  All  shops  should  be  equipped  with  a  small  port- 
able crane. 

9.  Sanitary  locker  room,  wash  basins  and  latrines 
should  be  provided. 


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PART  III. 
THE    FOUNDRY 


Principles  of  Safeguarding 

(See  Page  113.) 

Cupola  Hoisting  and  Charging  Platform 

(See  Page  251.) 

Gantry  Crane 

(See  Page  252.) 

1.  All  dangerous  or  moving  parts  to  be  guarded  as 
shown. 

2.  Trolley  to  be  guarded.     (See  Page  257. ) 

3.  Safety  limit  stop  to  be  applied.  (See  Pages  258 
to  261.) 

4.  Walk- ways  to  be  eighteen  (18)  inches  in  clear. 
If  construction  of  crane   does  not  allow    this, 
special  provision  to  be  made.     (See  Page  256. ) 

5.  Cab  to  be  enclosed  to  protect  operator  from 
weather,  provision  being  made  to  allow  him  an 
uninterrupted  view  of  the  yards  and  track. 

Interior  Traveling  Crane 

(See  Page  253.) 

1.  All  dangerous  or  moving  parts  to  be  guarded  as 
shown. 

2.  Trolley  to  be  guarded.     (See  Page  257.) 

3.  Safety  limit  stop  to  be  applied.  (See  Pages  258 
to  261.) 

4.  Walkways  to  be  eighteen  (18)  inches  in  the  clear. 
If  construction  of  crane  does  not  allow  this, 
special  provision  to  be  made.     (See  Page  256.) 


244  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Crane  Buffer 

(See  Page  254.) 

Portable  Rail  Stop  and  Safety  Lock  for  Operating 

Lever 

(See  Page  255.) 

Walk- ways  and  Islands  of  Safety 

(See  Page  256.) 

Crane  Trolley 

(See  Page  257.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Control  for  all  motors  to  be  located  in  the  cab. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  All  brake  drums  to  be  guarded. 

5.  Prong  or  chain  guard  to  be  applied  to  truck  wheels. 


Safety  Limit  Switches 

(See  Pages  258  to  261.) 

1.  Safety  limit  switches,  to  be  applied  to  all  electric 
hoists,  so  designed  and  constructed  that  block 
will  be  brought  to  rest  before  it  reaches  the 
winding  drum. 

Track  Guard 

(See  Page  262.) 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  245 

Reservoir  Ladle 

(See  Page  263.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  All  power  driven  gears,  including  trunnion  gear 
hub,  to  be  completely  enclosed. 


Crane  Ladle 

(See  Page  264.) 

1.  All  gears,  including  trunnion  gear  hub,  to  be 
completely  enclosed. 

2.  Safety  locking  device  for  holding  ladle  in  upright 
position  to  be  applied. 

Safety  Foundry  Ladle 

(See  Page  265.) 

1.  Ladle  to  be  counter  weighted  sufficiently  to  return 
it  into  upright  position. 

2.  Truck  to  be  equipped  with  prong  guard. 

Bull  Ladle 

(See  Page  266.) 

1.  Ladle  to  be  held  in  yoke  by  clamps. 

2.  Double  handles,  with  swivel  joint  to  be  applied 
to  only  one  end  of  yoke. 

Ladle  Hook  and  Ladfe  Shield 

(See  Page  267.) 


246  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Hook  Dimensions 

(See  Page  268.) 

Safety  Clamps 

(See  Page  269.) 

Slings  and  Chains 

(See  Pages  270,  271.) 

Pneumatic  Hoists 

(See  Pages  272,  273.) 

1.  Each  hoist  to  be  equipped  with  efficient  brake, 
preventing  slippage  at  any  point. 

2.  Each  hoist  to  be  provided  with  an  automatic  limit 
stop. 

Foundry  Sand  Mixer  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  274.) 

1.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 

2.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifter  to  be  equipped 
with  automatic  locking  device.  Lever  to  extend 
through  guard. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Opening  on  top  of  mixing  cylinder  to  be  covered 
by  grating  of  round  stock,  reinforced  with  scrap 
iron  and  equipped  with  free  swinging  discharging 
doors.  Round  stock  to  be  not  less  than  three- 
eights  (ys)  inch  spaced  not  more  than  (2)  inches 
on  center,  and  to  be  reinforced  sufficiently  to 
insure  rigidity. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  247 

Foundry  Mixer  and  Grinder  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  275.) 

1.  Driving  clutch  and  pulley  to  be  completely 
enclosed. 

2.  Clutch  lever  to  be  equipped  with  automatic  lock- 
ing device. 

3.  Driving  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Screen  guard  to  completely  surround  tub  extend- 
ing well  above  grinding  wheel  hubs. 

5.  Feeding  hopper  to  be  applied  to  opening  in  screen 
guard. 

Sand  Sifter  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  276.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Safety  switch  and  starting  box  to  be  applied. 
Safety  switch  to  be  located  convenient  to  operator. 

3.  Railings  of  standard  height  to  be  placed  along 
sides  of  rotating  sifter,  allowing  six  (6)  inches 
clearance. 


Automatic  Molding  Machine  (Motor  Driven) 

(See  Page  277.) 

1.  All  openings  in  motor  exposing  rotating  or  live 
parts  to  be  covered. 

2.  Safety  switch  and  starting  box  to  be  applied. 
Starting  box  to  be  located  convenient  to  operator. 

3.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

4.  Hammer  connecting  rods  to  be  guarded  as  high 
as  possible  without  interfering  with  adjustments. 


248  Universal  Safety  Standards 

5.  Chains  to  stop  traffic  to  be  hooked  from  both 
sides  of  conveyor  frame  to  convenient  point  on 
machine. 

6.  Counterweight  to  be  guarded  from  floor  to  top  of 
weight. 


Continuous  Exhaust  Tumbling  Mill 

(See  Page  278.) 

1.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 

Battery  of  Large  Tumbling  Barrels  (Shaft  Drive) 

(See  Page  279.) 

1.  Driving  barrel  shaft  to  i>e  covered  with  shaft 
guard. 

2.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

3.  Each  tumbling  barrel  to  be  provided  with  railing 
of  standard  height  with  fifteen  (15)  inches  clear- 
ance. Automatic  gate  in  railing  to  control  start- 
ing and  stopping  mechanism  of  each  tumbling 
barrel. 

4.  Each  tumbling  barrel  to  be  equipped  with  eflficient 
exhaust  system.  Base  of  flues  to  have  clean-out 
doors. 

5.  Chain  hoist  for  lifting  covers  of  barrels  to  be 
provided. 

Small  Tumbling  Barrel  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  280.) 

1.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  249 

2.  Entire  barrel  to  be  enclosed  by  railing  having 
fifteen  (15)  inches  clearance. 

3.  Tight  and  loose  pulley  belt  shifting  device  to  be 
operated  by  gate. 

4.  All  power  driven  gears  to  be  completely  enclosed. 

5.  Chain  hoist  for  lifting  covers  to  be  provided. 

Housed  Tumbling  Barrel  (Belt  Driven) 

(See  Page  281.) 

1.  Entire  barrel  to  be  completely  enclosed  in  sheet 
iron  housing. 

2.  Driving  belt  to  be  guarded  to  height  of  six  (6) 
feet  from  floor. 

3.  Belt  shifter  to  be  operated  by  automatic  device 
connected  with  door.     (See  Page  282. ) 

4.  Where  double  doors  are  used,  the  door  operating 
belt  shifter  to  be  equipped  with  strap  iron  astragal 
to  prevent  the  opening  of  the  idle  door  first. 

5.  Tumbling  barrel  to  be  equipped  with  efficient 
exhaust.  Base  of  exhaust  flue  to  be  provided 
with  clean-out  doors. 

6.  Chain  hoist  for  lifting  covers  of  barrels  to  be 
provided. 

Belt  Shifting  Device  for  Enclosed  Tumbler 

(See  Page  282.) 

Sand  Blast  Chamber 

(See  Page  283.) 

Car  Wheel  Guard  and  Track  Skidder 

(See  Page  284.) 


250  Universal  Safety  Standards 

Shop  Clothes 

(See  Page  285.) 

Caps,  Gloves  and  Shoes 

(See  Page  286.) 

Goggles 

(See  Page  287.) 

Masks 

(See  Pages  288,  289,  290.) 

Pattern  Making 

For  Standards  covering  pattern  making  machinery, 
see  "Wood  Working  Edition  —  Universal  Safety- 
Standards.' ' 


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<5ArE  LOADS  TOR  ROPES  AND  CHAINS 

(IN  POUMDS) 

CAUTIOh:  When  hand 

ing  molten  metat  wire  ropes 

and 

chains  should  be25%3t 

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hOTE  The  safe  loads  in  table 

WHEM    USED 
STRAIGHT 

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60°  AMOLE 

WHEN  USED  AT 
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WHEN  U3E.0   AT 
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chain.       When  used  double  or 

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A 

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OIA. 

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2,400 

1,275 

2,050 

1,050 
1,700 

750 
1,200 

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3,400 

2,800 

2,000 

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11,000 

9,000 

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11,000 

8,000 

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16,000 

13,000 

9,500 

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16,000 

11,000 

MA.'I 

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500 
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idest  Grade  of 
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3,900 

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6,400 

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8,000 

6,600 

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li 

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10,200 

8,400 

6,000 

Short  Link 

li 

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1  2,750 

10,500 

7,500 

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19,000 

16.000 

11,000 

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100 

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360 

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300 

175 
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500 
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2,400 

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PART  IV. 

SUGGESTED 

RULES    AND    PRACTICES    FOR   EMPLOYEES 

IN  MACHINE  SHOPS,  METAL  SHOPS 

AND  FOUNDRIES 


TO  EVERY  MECHANIC: 

CAREFULLY  READ  THESE  RULES,  BE  SURE 

YOU  UNDERSTAND  THEM  AND  THEN 

CARRY  THEM  OUT  IN  DAILY 

PRACTICE 

1.  Cleaning  and  Repairing  Machinery 

Do  not  attempt  to  clean,  adjust  or  repair  any 
machinery  while  running.  First  stop  machine  and 
then  make  sure  that  nobody  can  start  it  while  you 
are  working  on  it.  Waste  and  rags,  as  well  as 
clothes,  are  easily  caught  in  gears  or  other  moving 
parts  of  machinery,  and  may  draw  hands,  arms  or 
other  parts  of  the  body  into  the  machine  and  crush 
them. 

2.  Safety  Appliances  and  Guards 

Do  not  operate  machine  unless  all  guards  and 
safety  devices  are  in  position.  To  operate  the  machine 
without  them  is  dangerous.  Never  remove  a  guard 
or  allow  anyone  else  to  do  so,  except  for  cleaning, 
oiling  or  repairing  when  the  machinery  is  stopped, 
and  then  always  replace  it  immediately  yourself. 
Do  not  rely  upon  anyone  else  to  do  it.  Do  not 
think  the  guard  is  in  place— know  it. 

3.  Attend  Strictly  To  Your  Work 

While  operating  a  machine  never  engage  in  con- 
versation. If  someone  asks  a  question  pertaining  to 
your  work,  answer  without  turning  around  if  possible. 
If  it  is  necessary  to  look  away  from  your  work,  stop 
your  machine  first.  If  the  question  is  not  in  regard 
to  your  work,  pay  no  attention  to  it  and  do  not 
answer. 


294  Universal  Safikty  Standards 

4.  Emery  Wheels 

Do  not  operate  an  emery  wheel  without  protection 
for  the  eyes.  Do  not  operate  an  emery  wheel  faster 
than  the  speed  recommended  by  the  manufacturer. 
Be  sure  that  the  speed  is  right  before  mounting 
wheel. 

Be  sure  the  tool  rest  on  the  emery  wheel  is  not 
below  the  center  of  the  wheel  and  have  the  rest  as 
close  to  the  wheel  as  possible.  Wheel  should  be 
running  true  and  without  vibration.  If  not,  call 
attention  of  foreman  and  have  wheel  fixed  before 
operating. 

Be  sure  that  your  wheel  is  running  at  normal 
speed  before  starting  to  grind. 

Always  keep  bearings  of  grinder  well  supplied 
with  oil.     A  hot  arbor  may  expand  and  break  wheel. 


5.  Ropes  and  Slings 

Always  carefully  examine  slings  whether  of  wire, 
manila  rope  or  chain.  Be  sure  there  are  no  defects 
anywhere. 

Where  it  is  necessary  to  sling  a  piece  of  machinery 
around  sharp  corners,  always  protect  the  rope  from 
being  cut  by  using  chafing  gear.  Usually  old  sacks 
or  rags  are  provided  for  this  purpose. 

When  using  chain  slings,  examine  them  carefully 
to  find  broken,  cracked  or  worn  links,  and  make 
certain  that  the  rope  or  sling  to  be  used  is  of  suffi- 
cient strength  to  carry  the  load  intended.  Never 
take  a  chance  thinking  it  is  all  right  make  sure 
that  it  is.     (See  table  Page  271. ) 

When  through  with  sling,  return  it  to  rack  where 
it  belongs. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  295 

6.  Crane  Operators 

Always  open  and  lock  main  switch  before  leaving 
crane  cage. 

Before  any  repair  is  undertaken  on  trolley,  top  of 
crane  or  runways,  open  and  lock  main  switch  in 
cage  and  safety  switch  on  top  of  crane  and  make 
sure  that  all  persons  are  off  crane  and  runways 
before  closing  switches  again. 

Keep  crane  and  machinery  clean,  well  oiled  and 
in  good  working  order.  Report  to  repair  man  any 
defects  which  you  cannot  remedy. 

When  crane  is  down  for  repairs,  assist  repair  man. 
After  completion  of  any  job  make  sure  that  bolts, 
tools,  etc. ,  are  removed. 

Make  sure  before  starting  to  hoist  that  hooks  and 
slings  are  securely  fastened  on  material  and  ladles. 

Do  not  move  load  without  signal  from  proper  man. 

Under  no  consideration  permit  your  crane  to  bump 
into  another  crane. 

Do  not  allow  men  to  ride  on  load  carried  by  crane, 
or  on  crane  hooks.    Refuse  to  move  until  they  get  off. 

Before  starting  to  hoist,  place  the  trolley  directly 
over  the  load  to  avoid  swinging  the  load  against 
workmen. 

Examine  your  crane  every  day  for  loose  or  dan- 
gerous gears,  keys,  ladders,  runways,  railings,  warn- 
ing bells,  signs,  switches,  sweepbrushes,  cables, 
brakes,  etc.,  and  make  a  written  report  on  the  form 
provided  when  you  go  off  duty  showing  the  condi- 
tion in  which  you  leave  your  crane. 

Do  not  fail  to  report  anything  that  is  out  of 
order. 

Hookers  should  walk  aheacf  of  loads  carried  by 
cranes,  and  warn  men  on  the  floor  to  get  out  of  the 
way  of  the  load. 


296  Universal  Safety  Standards 

7.  Notify  Foreman  When  Machine  is  Out  of  Order 

If  your  machine  fails  to  work  properly,  notify 
your  foreman  at  once.  Under  no  circumstances  try 
to  experiment,  if  you  do  not  understand  the  mechan- 
ism of  your  machine,  admit  it  and  get  instruction. 


8.  Care  To  Be  Used  On  Drill  Presses 

Do  not  attempt  to  hold  a  short  piece  of  iron  by 
hand  while  drilling  it.  Use  the  vise  provided,  or 
secure  it  by  clamping  it  down  on  the  table. 


9.  Care  To  Be  Used  On  Lathes 

Remove  chuck  wrench  immediately  after 
having  placed  a  piece  of  work  in  the  lathe.  If  work 
being  turned  is  of  an  irregular  shape,  as  for  instance, 
a  crank  shaft,  eccentric  or  the  like,  be  careful,  and 
if  practicable  place  a  cover  over  the  projecting  parts. 

Do  not  attempt  to  put  a  heavy  chuck,  jig  or  piece 
of  work  in  the  lathe  without  crane,  hoist  or  tackle. 
Always  make  sure  that  the  work  is  thoroughly  se- 
cured and  centered  in  chuck  or  between  the  points 
before  you  start  turning  the  power.  Before  starting 
always  turn  your  lathe  a  complete  revolution  by 
hand  to  make  sure  that  the  work  and  clamps  clear 
the  bed. 

Do  not  attempt  to  take  too  heavy  a  cut  or  use  too 
high  speed.  It  may  throw  the  work  out  of  the 
lathe.  Always  make  sure  that  the  tool  is  not  too 
low.  Do  not  put  your  hands  or  fingers  on  a  revolv- 
ing piece  of  work.  A  small  cut  received  in  this  way 
is  painful  and  may  result  in  blood  poisoning. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  297 

10.  Chipping 

When  chipping  cast  iron  or  other  metal,  always 
chip  in  such  direction  that  chips  will  not  injure  your 
fellow- workmen.  If  the  work  necessitates  chipping 
in  any  direction  where  other  men  are  working  or 
likely  to  pass,  use  a  shield.     (See  Page  238.) 

11.  Handles  On  Tools 

Do  not  use  a  file  without  a  handle,  and  always 
keep  the  handle  tight. 

Handles  of  hammers,  sledges  and  other  tools 
should  be  kept  tight  and  sound  and  free  from  splint- 
ers and  all  other  defects. 

Do  not  use  a  chisel,  drift  pin  or  other  tool  with 
the  head  burred.  When  burrs  begin  to  develop 
have  the  head  ground. 

When  dressing  tools,  dress  both  ends  and  be  care- 
ful that  the  head  is  not  brittle.  * 

Brittle  tools  are  not  to  be  used  for  hammering. 

If  pieces  or  slivers  fly  from  hammers  or  heads  of 
chisels  and  similar  tools,  discard  the  tools  or  have 
them  annealed. 

12.  Piling  Material 

When  piling  castings,  machinery,  patterns,  mold- 
ings, boxes,  flasks  or  other  material  be  sure  to  do  it 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  pile  cannot  fall  or  slide 
down. 

Be  sure  in  loading  material  on  a  truck  that  the 
load  is  so  secured  that  it  cannot  fall  off  when  carried 
through  the  shop. 

When  stacking  iron  or  brass  bars  or  pipes,  give 
them  the  proper  slant  and  secure  them  at  the  bottom 
to  prevent  sliding  and  on  the  sides  to  prevent  falling. 
(See  Page  235.) 


298  Universal  Safety  Standards 

13.  Working  Overhead 

When  working  overhead,  be  sure  that  scaffolding- 
is  safe.  Always  notify  men  working  below  before 
you  go  aloft.  If  necessary  to  work  above  other  men, 
fasten  wrenches,  hammers  and  other  tools  with  a 
strong  line  and  keep  them  in  a  secure  place.  Place 
danger  signs  at  all  approaches.     (See  Page  108. ) 

14.  Keep  Passageway  Free 

Do  not  allow  material  to  be  piled  around  your 
machine. 

Keep  passageway  clear  for  a  sufficient  distance  to 
allow  yourself  room  to  work  and  to  enable  other  men 
to  pass  without  stumbling. 

15.  Clothing 

Do  not  wear  loose,  baggy  or  torn  clothing. 

Always  wear  your  overall  coat  inside  your  pants. 

When  working  on  lathe,  boring  mill,  grinder, 
milling  machine,  drill  press,  or  other  revolving 
machinery,  always  roll  up  your  sleeves,  or  better 
still,  have  your  sleeves  cut  off  above  the  elbow  and 
close  fitting.     (See  Page  285. ) 

Do  not  wear  gloves  when  operating  machinery. 

When  wearing  gauntlets  or  gloves  around  hot 
metal,  they  should  be  tight  fitting  around  wrists 
and  your  sleeves  should  extend  over  them. 

When  working  in  foundry  or  around  hot  metal  of 
any  kind,  it  is  particularly  important  to  keep  cloth- 
ing below  the  knees  in  good  condition  and  without 
folds,  holes  or  loose  parts  in  which  hot  metal  may 
catch.  Use  clothes  made  of  jean  or  some  similar 
slow-burning  material  when  exposed  to  hot  metal  or 
flame. 


Workmen's  Compensation  Service  Bureau  299 

Use  Congress  shoes  only.     (See  Page  286.) 

Use  leggings  inside  of  pants. 

Do  not  wear  rings  while  you  are  working.  Many 
fingers  have  been  lost  on  account  of  rings  catching 
on  projecting  points  of  machinery  or  work. 

16.  Care  of  Ladles  and  Skimmers 

Do  not  use  a  ladle  until  you  are  satisfied  that  it  is 
absolutely  dry.     Do  not  fill  a  ladle  too  full. 

17.  Catching  Iron  from  Cupola 

When  catching  iron  from  cupola,  always  cut  the 
stream  from  the  front  toward  the  furnace. 

18.  Pouring  Metal 

When  pouring  metal  into  moulds,  keep  feet  away 
from  mould  and  from  under  ladles  and  stand  so  that 
it  will  be  easy  to  move  quickly  if  hot  metal  should 
break  through. 

Be  very  careful  when  pouring  hot  metal  or  slag 
on  the  ground  to  be  sure  that  the  ground  is  free 
from  moisture  as  even  slight  dampness  may  cause  a 
serious  explosion. 

19.  Gangways 

Do  not  leave  any  weights,  boxes  or  other  material 
in  a  gangway,  where  men  carrying  hot  metal  may 
stumble  over  them. 

Men  carrying  ladles  have  the  right  of  way. 

Do  not  try  to  pass  them  in  a  narrow  passage. 

20.  Repairing  Cupolas 

Before  entering  the  cupgla  to  repair  lining  or  do 
other  work,  place  a  danger  sign  on  the  charging 
door  and  have  the  door  closed  or  a  screen  placed  in 
front  of  it  so  that  no  one  will  drop  material  upon  you. 


300  Universal  Safety  Standards 

21.  Report  Every  Injury 

Always  report  an  injury,  no  matter  how  small.  A 
slight  scratch  or  cut  may  result  in  blood  poisoning 
if  not  given  the  proper  care. 

22.  Playing  During  Working  Hours 

Never  jostle,  fool  or  play  tricks  on  a  fellow 
workman  during  working  hours.  It  distracts  his 
and  your  attention  from  work  and  very  often  results 
in  serious  and  even  fatal  injuries. 

23.  In  General  Observe  This 

Never  expose  yourself  or  others  to  any  unnecessary 
dangers  and  remember  these  instructions  are  meant 
for  You.  If  You  follow  them,  You  will  be  the 
beneficiary.  Therefore,  for  your  own  sake 
follow  them. 

24.  Special  Notice 

If  you  are  suffering  from  apoplexy,  cramps,  faint- 
ing spells,  dizziness,  partial  deafness,  short-sighted- 
ness, hernia,  varicose  veins,  or  other  physical 
weakness  or  defects  not  visible  to  the  eye,  give 
immediate  notice  of  such  defects  to  your  Foreman 
or  Superintendent  and  he  will  not  put  you  to  work 
any  place  where  there  may  be  special  danger  of 
you  getting  injured. 

The  use  of  intoxicants  on  the  work  premises  or 
during  working  hours  or  the  use  of  intoxicants  to 
excess  off  work  premises  at  any  time,  should  and  no 
doubt  will  be  deemed  sufficient  cause  for  immediate 
discharge. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Heavy    Type    Refers    to    Specifications.     Light   Type    to 
Illustrations 

Page 
A 

Appliances,  Safety 293 

Attention 293 

Awnings 16 


B 

Belts 25 

Belt  Guarding ; 92-97 

Belt  Shifter 

Cone  Pulley 228-231 

Tight  and  Loose  Pulley 225-227 

Locking  Device  for. .   225-227 

Belts,  Overhead 93-95 

Bin  for  Pipe  Fittings  and  Small  Castings 236 

Boilers 22 

Boiler  House 

Adjoining 23,  70 

Detached 23,  69 

Boiler  Valves 23 

Boiler  Valve  Locks 71 

Boring  Machines 

Locomotive  Rod,  Motor  Driven 116,  148 

Vertical,  Belt  Driven 1 14,  146 

Vertical,  Motor  Driven 114,  145 

Buildings 

Construction 15 

Equipment 15 

Four-Story 15,  39 

Height  of 15 

Loft 40 

Plan  of  Loft * 41 

Skylights 20,  60 

Bulldozer 116,  149 


304  INDEX— Continued 

C  ^^^^ 

Cables 66,  271 

Caps 286 

Car  Skidder 284 

Car  Wheel  Guard 166 

Car  Wheel  Grinder 166 

Care  of  Workmen 296 

Chains 270,  271 

Chipping 297 

Chipping  Shield 238 

Chucks 

Rack  for 234 

Safety 184 

Clamps 269 

Cleaning  and  Repairing 293 

Clothing 285,  298 

Crossings,  Railroad 107 

Contents,  Table  of 11 

Controller  for  Motor 84 

Cranes 295 

Buffers 254 

Gantry 243,  252 

^      Hoists,  Limit  Switches  and  Stops 244,  258-261 

Interior  Traveling 243,  253 

Rail  and  Lever  Locks 255 

Runways 236 

Trolley 244,  237 

Cupola  Hoist  and  Charging  Platform 243,299,  251 

Cutting-Off  Machine 

Combination  Cold  Saw ' 140,  218 

Double  Axle 1 17,  151 

Motor  Driven 116,  150 

Power  Hack  Saw 141,  219 


D 

Dangerous  Gases 35 

Drills,  Fire 17 

Drilling  Machines 

Belt  Driven 1 17,  152 

Heavy  High  Speed  Multiple 122,  161 

Heavy  Radial 123,  163 

High  Duty,  Belt  Driven 1 18,  153 


INDEX— Continued  305 

Page 

High  Speed  Multiple 121,  160,  161 

Hole  Hog  Multiple 121,  159 

Horizontal  Multiple  Spindle 122,  162 

Motor  Driven  Friction 1 18,  154 

Safety  Socket 233 

Sensitive   120,  158 

Universal  Adjustable 1 20,  157 

Upright  Self -feeding,  Hand  or  Belt  Driven  119,  155 

Vertical  Spindle  Rail 1 19,  156 

E 

Electrical  Equipment 25 

Elevators 

Cable  Locks 20,  63,  64 

Cars 22 

Hatchways 21,  61 

Switches  and  Speed  Governors 20,  62 

Table  of  Safe  Cable  Strengths 66 

Emery  Wheels 124,  294 

Engines,  Gas 25 

Engines,   Steam 24 

Horizontal  Compound 76 

Horizontal  Corliss 74 

Journal  Passage 77 

Pit  Guards 79 

Valve  Attachments 78 

Vertical  Compound 75 

Expansion  Joints 72 

Explosives,  Dangerous  Gases,  Vapors  and  Fumes 35 

Exits 42-45 

F 

Fire  Escapes 16,  46,  47 

Fire  Hazard 15 

Fire  Walls   16 

First  Aid  Equipment 35 

Floors 18 

Floor  Openings 19,  53,  54 

Flue  Welding  Machine 225 

Foremen * 33,  296 

Frogs 31 

Fumes 35 

Fuse  Box 85 


306  INDEX— Continued 

Page 
G 

Gangways 299 

Gas  Engines 25 

Gases,  Dangerous 35 

Gasoline  Storage  System 106 

Gears 25,  101 

Gear  Cutting  Machine 

Automatic,  Belt  Driven 123,  164 

Gear  Generating  Machine,  Motor  Driven 124,  165 

Gear  Guards 

Bevel 100,  101 

Spur 99 

General  Order,  Light  and  Sanitation 37 

Generator   76 

Gloves 286,  298 

Goggles 287 

Grinders 

Car  Wheel .' 124,  166 

Center 125,  169 

Guide  Bar 124,  167 

Tool 125,168 

Wheel  Flanges 125,  170,  171 

Wheel  Guard 125,   172-174 

Guards 28,  293 

Hammers  H 

Belt  Driven,  Power 126,  175 

Steam 127,176 

Handles  on  Tools 297 

Hatchways  and  Hatchway  Entrances 21,    61 

Helmet 200 

Hoists 

Electric 244,251,  257 

Pneumatic  Horizontal 246,  273 

Pneumatic  Vertical 246,  272 

Yard  Arm  65 

Hoistways 22,  65,  251 

Hooks 

Foundry 268 

Ladle 267 

Plate  or  Balance 269 

Table  of  Dimensions 268 

Hoop  Guards 29,  52,  68 


INDEX— Continued  307 

Page 
I 

Inspections 32 


L 

Ladders 

Construction  of 28,  102 

Fixed 28,  102 

Portable 29,  101 

Shoes  and  Spurs  for 104 

Step 31,  103 

Ladle 

Bull 245,  266 

Crane 245,  264 

Hand 267 

Reservoir 245,  263 

Truck 245,  265 

Lathe 

Chuck 184 

Chuck  Rack 234 

Dog  Guard 186 

Driving  Wheel 128,  179 

Engine,  Belt  Driven 127.  177 

Engine,  Motor  Driven 128,  178 

Guards 28 

•  Heavy  Back  Geared 129,  181 

Speed 130,  182 

Safety  Dog  and  Driver 185 

Tire  Turning 129,  180 

Tool  Guard 177 

Turrett 130,183 

Lever 

Locking  Devices 225-231 

Safety 232 

Light  and  Sanitation 37 

Limit  Stops  and  Switches. 174,  258-260 

Locks 

Boiler  Valve ^ 71 

Knife  Switch .*. 105 

Pulley 105 

Safeguards 105 


308  INDEX— Continued 

Page 
Locking  Devices 

Clutch  Lever 225,  226 

Foot  Lever 232 

Tight  and  Loose  Pulley  Belt  Shifter 225-227 

M 

Machine  Shop  Plan 144,  239 

Maintenance  and  Inspection 31 

Masks 288-290 

Material,  Piling  and  Storing 297 

Milling  Machine 

Heavy  Vertical,  Motor  Driven 132,  190 

Self-Contained  Portable 131,  188 

Tool  Guard 187 

Universal  Coupling  Guard 189 

Vertical,  Belt  Driven 132,  189 

Plain  Horizontal,  Belt  Driven 131,  187 

Molding  Machines,  Automatic 272 

Motors 80-82 

Motor  Guarding 80-82 

N 
Nut  Tapper 142,  223 


O 

Order,  Light  and  Sanitation 37 

Organization  in  Plants 32 

Overhead  Work 298 


P 

Pad  Locks 105 

Passageways 77,  298 

Pipe 

Anchors 73 

Expansion  Joints,  for 72 

Fitting  Bins 236 

Rack 235 

Railings,  Standard 55 

Railing  Fittings 56 

Supports 73 


INDEX— Continued  309 

Page 
Pipe  Machine 

Bending  Rolls 133,  192 

Cutting  and  Threading 133,  191 

Welding  Machine 143,  224 

Plan  of  a  General  Machine  Shop 144,  239 

Planers 

Belt  Driven 134,  193 

Spindle  Cutterhead  Guard 194 

Vertical  Spindle  Rotary 134,  194 

Platforms  and  Runways 

Crane  Runway ; 256 

Elevated  Wooden  Platforms 18,  51 

Suspended    18,  52 

Railroad  Crossing 107 

Playing 300 

Pouring 299 

Power  Transmission  Equipment 25 

Presses 

Dial  Feed  Stamping 137,  200 

Hydraulic  Wheel 135,  195 

Inclinable  Stamping 138,  201,  202 

Stopper 135,  196 

Straight  Sided  Stamping,  Large  Double  Gear 136,  197 

Straight  Sided  Stamping,  Small 137,  199 

Straight  Sided  Trimming 136,  198 

Press  Guards 203-213 

Principles  of   Safeguarding 243 

Pulleys 92-105 

Pulley  Guarding 92-105 


R 

Railings 

Construction 19,  55-57 

Pipe 19,55 

Pipe  and  Angle  Iron  Fittings 1 9,  56 

Standard 19 

Wooden 19,  57 

Rail  Ending  Machine,  Motor  Driven.  *. 139,  214 

Railroad  Crossing 107 

Repairing 293 

Reports 32,  300 


310  INDEX— Continued 

Rolls 

Pipe  Bending. . . . : 133,  192 

Plate  Bending 139,  216 

Plate  Straightening 140,  217 

Ropes 271,  294 

Rungs 28,  30,  102 

Runways  and  Platforms 18,  51,  52,  107,  256 


S 

Safety  Organizations 82 

Safety  Drill  Socket 233 

Sanitation 37 

Sand  Machines 

Mixer 246,  274 

Mixing  and  Grinding  Mill 247,  275 

Sifter 247,  276 

Molding 247,  277 

Sand  Blast  Chamber , 283 

Saws 

Combination  Circular  Cut  Off 140,  218 

Power  Hack 141,  21» 

Set  Screws .27,  89-91 

Shaft 

Couplings .86-88 

Guards 86,  92,  93,  101 

Horizontal 86,  92,  9a 

Vertical 101 

Shaper 141,  220 

Shears 

AUigator .-.....■ 141,  221 

Rotary  Beveling 142,  222 

Shoes 30,  104,  286 

Signs 

Danger 38,  109 

Danger,  Portable 38,  108 

Safety 38,  109 

Skylights 20,    60 

Slotting  Machine,  Heavy 139,  215 

Slings 

Rack 270 

Table  of  Strengths 271 

Tags 270 


INDEX— Continued  311 

Page 

Special  Notice 30O 

Stairs 

Construction  of 17 

Critical  Angles,  for .  17,  48 

Oosed  Sides 17,50 

Landings 17 

Railings,  for 17,  48,  4» 

Treads  and  Risers 17,  48 

Open  Sides 17,  49 

Stamping  Presses 196-202 

Stamping  Press  Guards 203-213 

Steam  Engines 24,  74-79 

Storage  System  for  Gasoline  and  Explosive  Liquids 106 

Stock  Rack 235 

Stringers 28,29,102 

Switches 84,  105 

Switch  Boards 83 


T 

Tanks 

Independent  Tower 22,  68 

Roof 22,67 

Trolley,  Crane 257 

Trolley  Guards 257 

Tumbling  Barrels 

Battery  of  Large 248,  279 

Continuous  Exhaust.     .   248,  278 

Housed 249,  281 

Housed  Belt  Shifting  Device 282 

Small,  Belt  Driven. 248,  281 

Turning  Mills 

Tire  115,  147 

Vertical,  Belt  Driven 114,  146 

Vertical,  Motor  Driven- 114,  145 


Vapors 36 

Ventilation 38 


312  INDEX— Continued 

W  Page 

Waste  Can,  Fireproof 237 

Wheel  Press,  Hydraulic 195 

Wheel  Guards 284 

Windows 

Counter-Balanced 20,  59 

Hinged 20,  59 

Pivoted 20,  58 


Yards 31,  297 

Yard  Arm  Hoist 65 


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